Modified peptides as therapeutic agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns fusion of Fc domains with biologically active peptides and a process for preparing pharmaceutical agents using biologically active peptides. In this invention, pharmacologically active compounds are prepared by a process comprising:
         a) selecting at least one peptide that modulates the activity of a protein of interest; and   b) preparing a pharmacologic agent comprising an Fc domain covalently linked to at least one amino acid of the selected peptide.
 
Linkage to the vehicle increases the half-life of the peptide, which otherwise would be quickly degraded in vivo. The preferred vehicle is an Fc domain. The peptide is preferably selected by phage display,  E. coli  display, ribosome display, RNA-peptide screening, or chemical-peptide screening.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/428,082, filed Oct. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,843 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application 60/105,371, filed Oct. 23, 1998, which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recombinant proteins are an emerging class of therapeutic agents. Such recombinant therapeutics have engendered advances in protein formulation and chemical modification. Such modifications can protect therapeutic proteins, primarily by blocking their exposure to proteolytic enzymes. Protein modifications may also increase the therapeutic protein's stability, circulation time, and biological activity. A review article describing protein modification and fusion proteins is Francis (1992), Focus on Growth Factors 3:4–10 (Mediscript, London), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

One useful modification is combination with the “Fc” domain of an antibody. Antibodies comprise two functionally independent parts, a variable domain known as “Fab”, which binds antigen, and a constant domain known as “Fc”, which links to such effector functions as complement activation and attack by phagocytic cells. An Fc has a long serum half-life, whereas an Fab is short-lived. Capon et al. (1989), Nature 337: 525–31. When constructed together with a therapeutic protein, an Fc domain can provide longer half-life or incorporate such functions as Fc receptor binding, protein A binding, complement fixation and perhaps even placental transfer. Id. Table 1 summarizes use of Fc fusions known in the art.

TABLE 1 Fc fusion with therapeutic proteins Fusion Therapeutic Form of Fc partner implications Reference IgG1 N-terminus Hodgkin's disease; U.S. Pat. No. of CD30-L anaplastic lymphoma; 5,480,981 T-cell leukemia Murine IL-10 anti-inflammatory; Zheng et al. Fcγ2a transplant rejection (1995), J. Immunol. 154: 5590–600 IgG1 TNF receptor septic shock Fisher et al. (1996), N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1697–1702; Van Zee, K et al. (1996), J. Immunol. 156: 2221–30 IgG, IgA, TNF receptor inflammation, U.S. Pat. No. IgM, or IgE autoimmune 5,808,029, issued (excluding disorders Sep. 15, 1998 the first domain) IgG1 CD4 receptor AIDS Capon et al. (1989), Nature 337: 525–31 IgG1, IgG3 N-terminus anti-cancer, antiviral Harvill et al. of IL-2 (1995), Immunotech. 1: 95–105 IgG1 C-terminus osteoarthritis; WO 97/23614, of OPG bone density published Jul. 3, 1997 IgG1 N-terminus anti-obesity PCT/US of leptin 97/23183, filed Dec. 11, 1997 Human Ig CTLA-4 autoimmune disorders Linsley (1991), Cγ1 J. Exp. Med. 174: 561–9

A much different approach to development of therapeutic agents is peptide library screening. The interaction of a protein ligand with its receptor often takes place at a relatively large interface. However, as demonstrated for human growth hormone and its receptor, only a few key residues at the interface contribute to most of the binding energy. Clackson et al. (1995), Science 267: 383–6. The bulk of the protein ligand merely displays the binding epitopes in the right topology or serves functions unrelated to binding. Thus, molecules of only “peptide” length (2 to 40 amino acids) can bind to the receptor protein of a given large protein ligand. Such peptides may mimic the bioactivity of the large protein ligand (“peptide agonists”) or, through competitive binding, inhibit the bioactivity of the large protein ligand (“peptide antagonists”).

Phage display peptide libraries have emerged as a powerful method in identifying such peptide agonists and antagonists. See, for example, Scott et al. (1990), Science 249: 386; Devlin et al. (1990), Science 249: 404; U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, issued Jun. 29, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,731, issued Mar. 31, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,530, issued Mar. 12, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,018, issued Jul. 11, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,665, issued Aug. 16, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,545, issued Jul. 13, 1999; WO 96/40987, published Dec. 19, 1996; and WO 98/15833, published Apr. 16, 1998 (each of which is incorporated by reference). In such libraries, random peptide sequences are displayed by fusion with coat proteins of filamentous phage. Typically, the displayed peptides are affinity-eluted against an antibody-immobilized extracellular domain of a receptor. The retained phages may be enriched by successive rounds of affinity purification and repropagation. The best binding peptides may be sequenced to identify key residues within one or more structurally related families of peptides. See, e.g., Cwirla et al. (1997), Science 276: 1696–9, in which two distinct families were identified. The peptide sequences may also suggest which residues may be safely replaced by alanine scanning or by mutagenesis at the DNA level. Mutagenesis libraries may be created and screened to further optimize the sequence of the best binders. Lowman (1997), Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26: 401–24.

Structural analysis of protein-protein interaction may also be used to suggest peptides that mimic the binding activity of large protein ligands. In such an analysis, the crystal structure may suggest the identity and relative orientation of critical residues of the large protein ligand, from which a peptide may be designed. See, e.g., Takasaki et al. (1997), Nature Biotech. 15: 1266–70. These analytical methods may also be used to investigate the interaction between a receptor protein and peptides selected by phage display, which may suggest further modification of the peptides to increase binding affinity.

Other methods compete with phage display in peptide research. A peptide library can be fused to the carboxyl terminus of the lac repressor and expressed in E. coli. Another E. coli-based method allows display on the cell's outer membrane by fusion with a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL). Hereinafter, these and related methods are collectively referred to as “E. coli display.” In another method, translation of random RNA is halted prior to ribosome release, resulting in a library of polypeptides with their associated RNA still attached. Hereinafter, this and related methods are collectively referred to as “ribosome display.” Other methods employ chemical linkage of peptides to RNA; see, for example, Roberts & Szostak (1997), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12297–303. Hereinafter, this and related methods are collectively referred to as “RNA-peptide screening.” Chemically derived peptide libraries have been developed in which peptides are immobilized on stable, non-biological materials, such as polyethylene rods or solvent-permeable resins. Another chemically derived peptide library uses photolithography to scan peptides immobilized on glass slides. Hereinafter, these and related methods are collectively referred to as “chemical-peptide screening.” Chemical-peptide screening may be advantageous in that it allows use of D-amino acids and other unnatural analogues, as well as non-peptide elements. Both biological and chemical methods are reviewed in Wells & Lowman (1992), Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3: 355–62.

Conceptually, one may discover peptide mimetics of any protein using phage display and the other methods mentioned above. These methods have been used for epitope mapping, for identification of critical amino acids in protein-protein interactions, and as leads for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. E.g., Cortese et al. (1996), Curr. Opin. Biotech. 7: 616–21. Peptide libraries are now being used most often in immunological studies, such as epitope mapping. Kreeger (1996), The Scientist 10(13): 19–20.

Of particular interest here is use of peptide libraries and other techniques in the discovery of pharmacologically active peptides. A number of such peptides identified in the art are summarized in Table 2. The peptides are described in the listed publications, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The pharmacologic activity of the peptides is described, and in many instances is followed by a shorthand term therefor in parentheses. Some of these peptides have been modified (e.g., to form C-terminally cross-linked dimers). Typically, peptide libraries were screened for binding to a receptor for a pharmacologically active protein (e.g., EPO receptor). In at least one instance (CTLA4), the peptide library was screened for binding to a monclonal antibody.

TABLE 2 Pharmacologically active peptides Binding Form partner/protein Pharmacologic of peptide of interest^(a) activity Reference intrapeptide EPO receptor EPO-mimetic Wrighton et al. (1996), disulfide- Science 273: 458–63; bonded U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,569, issued Jun. 30, 1998 to Wrighton et al. C-terminally EPO receptor EPO-mimetic Livnah et al. (1996), cross-linked Science 273: 464–71; dimer Wrighton et al. (1997), Nature Biotechnology 15: 1261–5; International patent application WO 96/40772, published Dec. 19, 1996 linear EPO receptor EPO-mimetic Naranda et al. (1999), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 7569–74 linear c-Mpl TPO-mimetic Cwirla et al. (1997) Science 276: 1696–9; U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,451, issued Feb. 9, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,946, issued Aug. 3, 1999 C-terminally c-Mpl TPO-mimetic Cwirla et al (1997), cross-linked Science 276: 1696–9 dimer disulfide- stimulation of Paukovits et al. (1984), linked dimer hematopoiesis Hoppe-Seylers Z. (“G-CSF- Physiol. Chem. 365: mimetic”) 303–11; Laerum et al. (1988), Exp. Hemat. 16: 274–80 alkylene- G-CSF- Bhatnagar et al. (1996), linked dimer mimetic J. Med. Chem. 39: 3814– 9; Cuthbertson et al. (1997), J. Med. Chem. 40: 2876–82; King et al. (1991), Exp. Hematol. 19: 481; King et al. (1995), Blood 86 (Suppl. 1): 309a linear IL-1 receptor inflammatory U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,035; and auto- U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,331; immune U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,096; diseases Yanofsky et al. (1996), (“IL-1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. antagonist” or 93: 7381–6; Akeson et “IL-1ra- al. (1996), J. Biol. Chem. mimetic”) 271: 30517–23; Wiekzorek et al. (1997), Pol. J. Pharmacol. 49: 107–17; Yanofsky (1996), PNAs, 93: 7381–7386. linear Facteur stimulation of Inagaki-Ohara et al. thymique lymphocytes (1996), Cellular serique (FTS) (“FTS- Immunol. 171: 30–40; mimetic”) Yoshida (1984), Int. J. Immunopharmacol, 6: 141–6. intrapeptide CTLA4 MAb CTLA4- Fukumoto et al. (1998), disulfide mimetic Nature Biotech. 16: bonded 267–70 exocyclic TNF-α TNF-α Takasaki et al. (1997), receptor antagonist Nature Biotech. 15: 1266–70; WO 98/53842, published Dec. 3, 1998 linear TNF-α TNF-α Chirinos-Rojas ( ), J. receptor antagonist Imm., 5621–5626. intrapeptide C3b inhibition of Sahu et al. (1996), J. disulfide complement Immunol. 157: 884–91; bonded activation; Morikis et al. (1998), autoimmune Protein Sci. 7: 619–27 diseases (“C3b- antagonist”) linear vinculin cell adhesion Adey et al. (1997), processes—cell Biochem. J. 324: 523–8 growth, differentiation, wound healing, tumor metastasis (“vinculin binding”) linear C4 binding anti-thrombotic Linse et al. (1997), J. protein (C4BP) Biol. Chem. 272: 14658– 65 linear urokinase processes Goodson et al (1994), receptor associated with Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. urokinase 91: 7129–33; interaction with International application its receptor WO 97/35969, published (e.g., Oct. 2, 1997 angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion and metastasis); (“UKR antagonist”) linear Mdm2, Hdm2 Inhibition of Picksley et al. (1994), inactivation of Oncogene 9: 2523–9; p53 mediated Bottger et al. (1997) J. by Mdm2 or Mol. Biol. 269: 744–56; hdm2; Bottger et al. (1996), anti-tumor Oncogene 13: 2141–7 (“Mdm/hdm antagonist”) linear p21^(WAF1) anti-tumor by Ball et al. (1997), Curr. mimicking the Biol. 7: 71–80 activity of p21^(WAF1) linear farnesyl anti-cancer by Gibbs et al. (1994), Cell transferase preventing 77: 175–178 activation of ras oncogene linear Ras effector anti-cancer by Moodie et al. (1994), domain inhibiting Trends Genet 10: 44–48 biological Rodriguez et al. (1994), function of the Nature 370: 527–532 ras oncogene linear SH2/SH3 anti-cancer by Pawson et al (1993), domains inhibiting Curr. Biol. 3: 434–432 tumor growth Yu et al. (1994) Cell with activated 76: 933–945 tyrosine kinases linear p16^(INK4) anti-cancer by Fahraeus et al. (1996), mimicking Curr. Biol. 6: 84–91 activity of p16; e.g., inhibiting cyclin D-Cdk complex (“p16- mimetic”) linear Src, Lyn inhibition of Stauffer et al. (1997), Mast cell Biochem. 36: 9388–94 activation, IgE-related conditions, type I hypersensitivity (“Mast cell antagonist”) linear Mast cell treatment of International application protease inflammatory WO 98/33812, published disorders Aug. 6, 1998 mediated by release of tryptase-6 (“Mast cell protease inhibitors”) linear SH3 domains treatment of Rickles et al. (1994), SH3-mediated EMBO J. 13: 5598– disease states 5604; Sparks et al. (“SH3 (1994), J. Biol. Chem. antagonist”) 269: 23853–6; Sparks et al. (1996), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 1540–4 linear HBV core treatment of Dyson & Muray (1995), antigen HBV viral Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (HBcAg) infections 92: 2194–8 (“anti-HBV”) linear selectins neutrophil Martens et al. (1995), J. adhesion; Biol. Chem. 270: 21129– inflammatory 36; European patent diseases application EP 0 714 (“selectin 912, published Jun. 5, antagonist”) 1996 linear, calmodulin calmodulin Pierce et al. (1995), cyclized antagonist Molec. Diversity 1: 259– 65 Dedman et al. (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 23025–30; Adey & Kay (1996), Gene 169: 133–4 linear, integrins tumor-homing; International applications cyclized- treatment for WO 95/14714, published conditions Jun. 1, 1995; WO related to 97/08203, published integrin- Mar. 6, 1997; WO mediated 98/10795, published cellular events, Mar. 19, 1998; WO including 99/24462, published May platelet 20, 1999; Kraft et al. aggregation, (1999), J. Biol. Chem. thrombosis, 274: 1979–1985 wound healing, osteoporosis, tissue repair, angiogenesis (e.g., for treatment of cancer), and tumor invasion (“integrin- binding”) cyclic, fibronectin and treatment of WO 98/09985, linear extracellular inflammatory published Mar. 12, 1998 matrix and components of autoimmune T cells and conditions macrophages linear somatostatin treatment or European patent and cortistatin prevention of application 0 911 393, hormone- published Apr. 28, 1999 producing tumors, acromegaly, giantism, dementia, gastric ulcer, tumor growth, inhibition of hormone secretion, modulation of sleep or neural activity linear bacterial antibiotic; U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,151, lipopolysac- septic shock; issued Mar. 2, 1999 charide disorders modulatable by CAP37 linear or pardaxin, antipathogenic WO 97/31019, published cyclic, mellitin 28 Aug. 1997 including D- amino acids linear, cyclic VIP impotence, WO 97/40070, published neuro- Oct. 30, 1997 degenerative disorders linear CTLs cancer EP 0 770 624, published May 2, 1997 linear THF-gamma2 Burnstein (1988), Biochem., 27: 4066–71. linear Amylin Cooper (1987), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84: 8628–32. linear Adreno- Kitamura (1993), BBRC, medullin 192: 553–60. cyclic, linear VEGF anti- Fairbrother (1998), angiogenic; Biochem., 37: 17754– cancer, 17764. rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis (“VEGF antagonist”) cyclic MMP inflammation Koivunen (1999), Nature and auto- Biotech., 17: 768–774. immune disorders; tumor growth (“MMP inhibitor”) HGH fragment U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,452 Echistatin inhibition of Gan (1988), J. Biol. platelet Chem., 263: 19827–32. aggregation linear SLE SLE WO 96/30057, published autoantibody Oct. 3, 1996 GD1alpha suppression Ishikawa et al. (1998), of tumor FEBS Lett. 441 (1): 20–4 metastasis anti- endothelial cell Blank et al. (1999), Proc. phospholipid activation, anti- Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: beta-2- phospholipid 5164–8 glycoprotein-I syndrome (β2GPI) (APS), throm- antibodies boembolic phenomena, thrombo- cytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss linear T Cell diabetes WO 96/11214, published Receptor Apr. 18, 1996 beta chain ^(a)The protein listed in this column may be bound by the associated peptide (e.g., EPO receptor, IL-1 receptor) or mimicked by the associated peptide. The references listed for each clarify whether the molecule is bound by or mimicked by the peptides. ^(b)FTS is a thymic hormone mimicked by the molecule of this invention rather than a receptor bound by the molecule of this invention.

Peptides identified by peptide library screening have been regarded as “leads” in development of therapeutic agents rather than as therapeutic agents themselves. Like other proteins and peptides, they would be rapidly removed in vivo either by renal filtration, cellular clearance mechanisms in the reticuloendothelial system, or proteolytic degradation.

Francis (1992), Focus on Growth Factors 3: 4–11. As a result, the art presently uses the identified peptides to validate drug targets or as scaffolds for design of organic compounds that might not have been as easily or as quickly identified through chemical library screening. Lowman (1997), Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26: 401–24; Kay et al. (1998), Drug Disc. Today 3: 370–8. The art would benefit from a process by which such peptides could more readily yield therapeutic agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns a process by which the in vivo half-life of one or more biologically active peptides is increased by fusion with a vehicle. In this invention, pharmacologically active compounds are prepared by a process comprising:

-   -   a) selecting at least one peptide that modulates the activity of         a protein of interest; and     -   b) preparing a pharmacologic agent comprising at least one         vehicle covalently linked to at least one amino acid sequence of         the selected peptide.         The preferred vehicle is an Fc domain. The peptides screened in         step (a) are preferably expressed in a phage display library.         The vehicle and the peptide may be linked through the N- or         C-terminus of the peptide or the vehicle, as described further         below. Derivatives of the above compounds (described below) are         also encompassed by this invention.

The compounds of this invention may be prepared by standard synthetic methods, recombinant DNA techniques, or any other methods of preparing peptides and fusion proteins. Compounds of this invention that encompass non-peptide portions may be synthesized by standard organic chemistry reactions, in addition to standard peptide chemistry reactions when applicable.

The primary use contemplated is as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. The vehicle-linked peptide may have activity comparable to—or even greater than—the natural ligand mimicked by the peptide. In addition, certain natural ligand-based therapeutic agents might induce antibodies against the patient's own endogenous ligand; the vehicle-linked peptide avoids this pitfall by having little or typically no sequence identity with the natural ligand.

Although mostly contemplated as therapeutic agents, compounds of this invention may also be useful in screening for such agents. For example, one could use an Fc-peptide (e.g., Fc-SH2 domain peptide) in an assay employing anti-Fc coated plates. The vehicle, especially Fc, may make insoluble peptides soluble and thus useful in a number of assays.

The compounds of this invention may be used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes by formulating them with appropriate pharmaceutical carrier materials and administering an effective amount to a patient, such as a human (or other mammal) in need thereof. Other related aspects are also included in the instant invention.

Numerous additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the figures and detailed description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary process of the invention. In this preferred process, the vehicle is an Fc domain, which is linked to the peptide covalently by expression from a DNA construct encoding both the Fc domain and the peptide. As noted in FIG. 1, the Fc domains spontaneously form a dimer in this process.

FIG. 2 shows exemplary Fc dimers that may be derived from an IgG1 antibody. “Fc” in the figure represents any of the Fc variants within the meaning of “Fc domain” herein. “X¹” and “X²” represent peptides or linker-peptide combinations as defined hereinafter. The specific dimers are as follows:

A, D: Single disulfide-bonded dimers. IgG1 antibodies typically have two disulfide bonds at the hinge region between the constant and variable domains. The Fc domain in FIGS. 2A and 2D may be formed by truncation between the two disulfide bond sites or by substitution of a cysteinyl residue with an unreactive residue (e.g., alanyl). In FIG. 2A, the Fc domain is linked at the amino terminus of the peptides; in 2D, at the carboxyl terminus.

B, E: Doubly disulfide-bonded dimers. This Fc domain may be formed by truncation of the parent antibody to retain both cysteinyl residues in the Fc domain chains or by expression from a construct including a sequence encoding such an Fc domain. In FIG. 2B, the Fc domain is linked at the amino terminus of the peptides; in 2E, at the carboxyl terminus.

C, F: Noncovalent dimers. This Fc domain may be formed by elimination of the cysteinyl residues by either truncation or substitution. One may desire to eliminate the cysteinyl residues to avoid impurities formed by reaction of the cysteinyl residue with cysteinyl residues of other proteins present in the host cell. The noncovalent bonding of the Fc domains is sufficient to hold together the dimer. Other dimers may be formed by using Fc domains derived from different types of antibodies (e.g., IgG2, IgM).

FIG. 3 shows the structure of preferred compounds of the invention that feature tandem repeats of the pharmacologically active peptide. FIG. 3A shows a single chain molecule and may also represent the DNA construct for the molecule. FIG. 3B shows a dimer in which the linker-peptide portion is present on only one chain of the dimer. FIG. 3C shows a dimer having the peptide portion on both chains. The dimer of FIG. 3C will form spontaneously in certain host cells upon expression of a DNA construct encoding the single chain shown in FIG. 3A. In other host cells, the cells could be placed in conditions favoring formation of dimers or the dimers can be formed in vitro.

FIG. 4 shows exemplary nucleic acid and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, respectively) of human IgG1 Fc that may be used in this invention.

FIG. 5 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of PEGylated peptide 19 (SEQ ID NO: 3) as prepared through intermediates having SEQ ID NOS: 1128 through 1131, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of PEGylated peptide 20 (SEQ ID NO: 4) as prepared through intermediates having SEQ ID NOS: 1132 and 1133, respectively.

FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6, respectively) of the molecule identified as “Fc-TMP” in Example 2 hereinafter.

FIG. 8 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ. ID. NOS: 7 and 8, respectively) of the molecule identified as “Fc-TMP-TMP” in Example 2 hereinafter.

FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ. ID. NOS: 9 and 10, respectively) of the molecule identified as “TMP-TMP-Fc” in Example 2 hereinafter.

FIG. 10 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ. ID. NOS: 11 and 12, respectively) of the molecule identified as “TMP-Fc” in Example 2 hereinafter.

FIG. 11 shows the number of platelets generated in vivo in normal female BDF1 mice treated with one 100 μg/kg bolus injection of various compounds, with the terms defined as follows.

-   -   PEG-MGDF: 20 kD average molecular weight PEG attached by         reductive amination to the N-terminal amino group of amino acids         1–163 of native human TPO, which is expressed in E. coli (so         that it is not glycosylated);     -   TMP: the TPO-mimetic peptide having the amino acid sequence         IEGPTLRQWLAARA (SEQ ID NO: 13);     -   TMP-TMP: the TPO-mimetic peptide having the amino acid sequence         IEGPTLRQWLAARA-GGGGGGGG-IEGPTLRQWLAARA (SEQ ID NO: 14);     -   PEG-TMP-TMP: the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 14, wherein the PEG group         is a 5 kD average molecular weight PEG attached as shown in FIG.         6;     -   Fc-TMP-TMP: the compound of SEQ ID NO: 8 (FIG. 8) dimerized with         an identical second monomer (i.e., Cys residues 7 and 10 are         bound to the corresponding Cys residues in the second monomer to         form a dimer, as shown in FIG. 2); and     -   TMP-TMP-Fc is the compound of SEQ ID NO: 10 (FIG. 9) dimerized         in the same way as TMP-TMP-Fc except that the Fc domain is         attached at the C-terminal end rather than the N-terminal end of         the TMP-TMP peptide.

FIG. 12 shows the number of platelets generated in vivo in normal BDF1 mice treated with various compounds delivered via implanted osmotic pumps over a 7-day period. The compounds are as defined for FIG. 7.

FIG. 13 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ. ID. NOS: 15 and 16, respectively) of the molecule identified as “Fc-EMP” in Example 3 hereinafter.

FIG. 14 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18, respectively) of the molecule identified as “EMP-Fc” in Example 3 hereinafter.

FIG. 15 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS:19 and 20, respectively) of the molecule identified as “EMP-EMP-Fc” in Example 3 hereinafter.

FIG. 16 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22, respectively) of the molecule identified as “Fc-EMP-EMP” in Example 3 hereinafter.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23) inserted into pCFM1656 between the unique AatII (position #4364 in pCFM1656) and SacI (position #4585 in pCFM1656) restriction sites to form expression plasmid pAMG21 (ATCC accession no. 98113).

FIG. 18A shows the hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit generated in vivo in normal female BDF1 mice treated with one 100 μg/kg bolus injection of various compounds. FIG. 18B shows the same results with mice treated with 100 μg/kg per day delivered the same dose by 7-day micro-osmotic pump with the EMPs delivered at 100 μg/kg, rhEPO at 30U/mouse. (In both experiments, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets were unaffected.) In these figures, the terms are defined as follows.

-   -   Fc-EMP: the compound of SEQ ID NO: 16 (FIG. 13) dimerized with         an identical second monomer (i.e., Cys residues 7 and 10 are         bound to the corresponding Cys residues in the second monomer to         form a dimer, as shown in FIG. 2);     -   EMP-Fc: the compound of SEQ ID NO: 18 (FIG. 14) dimerized in the         same way as Fc-EMP except that the Fc domain is attached at the         C-terminal end rather than the N-terminal end of the EMP         peptide.     -   “EMP-EMP-Fc” refers to a tandem repeat of the same peptide (SEQ         ID NO: 20) attached to the same Fc domain by the carboxyl         terminus of the peptides. “Fc-EMP-EMP” refers to the same tandem         repeat of the peptide but with the same Fc domain attached at         the amino terminus of the tandem repeat. All molecules are         expressed in E. coli and so are not glycosylated.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1055 and 1056) of the Fc-TNF-α inhibitor fusion molecule described in Example 4 hereinafter.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1057 and 1058) of the TNF-α inhibitor-Fc fusion molecule described in Example 4 hereinafter.

FIGS. 21A and 21B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1059 and 1060) of the Fc-IL-1 antagonist fusion molecule described in Example 5 hereinafter.

FIGS. 22A and 22B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1061 and 1062) of the IL-1 antagonist-Fc fusion molecule described in Example 5 hereinafter.

FIGS. 23A and 23B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1063 and 1064) of the Fc-VEGF antagonist fusion molecule described in Example 6 hereinafter.

FIGS. 24A and 24B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1065 and 1066) of the VEGF antagonist-Fc fusion molecule described in Example 6 hereinafter.

FIGS. 25A and 25B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1067 and 1068) of the Fc-MMP inhibitor fusion molecule described in Example 7 hereinafter.

FIGS. 26A and 26B show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1069 and 1070) of the MMP inhibitor-Fc fusion molecule described in Example 7 hereinafter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definition of Terms

The terms used throughout this specification are defined as follows, unless otherwise limited in specific instances.

The term “comprising” means that a compound may include additional amino acids on either or both of the N- or C-termini of the given sequence. Of course, these additional amino acids should not significantly interfere with the activity of the compound.

The term “vehicle” refers to a molecule that prevents degradation and/or increases half-life, reduces toxicity, reduces immunogenicity, or increases biological activity of a therapeutic protein. Exemplary vehicles include an Fc domain (which is preferred) as well as a linear polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylysine, dextran, etc.); a branched-chain polymer (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,872 to Denkenwalter et al., issued Sep. 15, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,490 to Tam, issued Jul. 20, 1993; WO 93/21259 by Frechet et al., published Oct. 28, 1993); a lipid; a cholesterol group (such as a steroid); a carbohydrate or oligosaccharide; or any natural or synthetic protein, polypeptide or peptide that binds to a salvage receptor. Vehicles are further described hereinafter.

The term “native Fc” refers to molecule or sequence comprising the sequence of a non-antigen-binding fragment resulting from digestion of whole antibody, whether in monomeric or multimeric form. The original immunoglobulin source of the native Fc is preferably of human origin and may be any of the immunoglobulins, although IgG1 and IgG2 are preferred. Native Fc's are made up of monomeric polypeptides that may be linked into dimeric or multimeric forms by covalent (i.e., disulfide bonds) and non-covalent association. The number of intermolecular disulfide bonds between monomeric subunits of native Fc molecules ranges from 1 to 4 depending on class (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgE) or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA1, IgGA2). One example of a native Fc is a disulfide-bonded dimer resulting from papain digestion of an IgG (see Ellison et al. (1982), Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 4071–9). The term “native Fc” as used herein is generic to the monomeric, dimeric, and multimeric forms.

The term “Fc variant” refers to a molecule or sequence that is modified from a native Fc but still comprises a binding site for the salvage receptor, FcRn. International applications WO 97/34631 (published Sep. 25, 1997) and WO 96/32478 describe exemplary Fc variants, as well as interaction with the salvage receptor, and are hereby incorporated by reference. Thus, the term “Fc variant” comprises a molecule or sequence that is humanized from a non-human native Fc. Furthermore, a native Fc comprises sites that may be removed because they provide structural features or biological activity that are not required for the fusion molecules of the present invention. Thus, the term “Fc variant” comprises a molecule or sequence that lacks one or more native Fc sites or residues that affect or are involved in (1) disulfide bond formation, (2) incompatibility with a selected host cell (3) N-terminal heterogeneity upon expression in a selected host cell, (4) glycosylation, (5) interaction with complement, (6) binding to an Fc receptor other than a salvage receptor, or (7) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Fc variants are described in further detail hereinafter. The term “Fc domain” encompasses native Fc and Fc variant molecules and sequences as defined above. As with Fc variants and native Fc's, the term “Fc domain” includes molecules in monomeric or multimeric form, whether digested from whole antibody or produced by other means.

The term “multimer” as applied to Fc domains or molecules comprising Fc domains refers to molecules having two or more polypeptide chains associated covalently, noncovalently, or by both covalent and non-covalent interactions. IgG molecules typically form dimers; IgM, pentamers; IgD, dimers; and IgA, monomers, dimers, trimers, or tetramers. Multimers may be formed by exploiting the sequence and resulting activity of the native Ig source of the Fc or by derivatizing (as defined below) such a native Fc.

The term “dimer” as applied to Fc domains or molecules comprising Fc domains refers to molecules having two polypeptide chains associated covalently or non-covalently. Thus, exemplary dimers within the scope of this invention are as shown in FIG. 2.

The terms “derivatizing” and “derivative” or “derivatized” comprise processes and resulting compounds respectively in which (1) the compound has a cyclic portion; for example, cross-linking between cysteinyl residues within the compound; (2) the compound is cross-linked or has a cross-linking site; for example, the compound has a cysteinyl residue and thus forms cross-linked dimers in culture or in vivo; (3) one or more peptidyl linkage is replaced by a non-peptidyl linkage; (4) the N-terminus is replaced by —NRR¹, NRC(O)R¹, —NRC(O)OR¹, —NRS(O)₂R¹, —NHC(O)NHR, a succinimide group, or substituted or unsubstituted benzyloxycarbonyl-NH—, wherein R and R¹ and the ring substituents are as defined hereinafter; (5) the C-terminus is replaced by —C(O)R² or —NR³R⁴ wherein R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined hereinafter; and (6) compounds in which individual amino acid moieties are modified through treatment with agents capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. Derivatives are further described hereinafter.

The term “peptide” refers to molecules of 2 to 40 amino acids, with molecules of 3 to 20 amino acids preferred and those of 6 to 15 amino acids most preferred. Exemplary peptides may be randomly generated by any of the methods cited above, carried in a peptide library (e.g., a phage display library), or derived by digestion of proteins.

The term “randomized” as used to refer to peptide sequences refers to fully random sequences (e.g., selected by phage display methods) and sequences in which one or more residues of a naturally occurring molecule is replaced by an amino acid residue not appearing in that position in the naturally occurring molecule. Exemplary methods for identifying peptide sequences include phage display, E. coli display, ribosome display, RNA-peptide screening, chemical screening, and the like.

The term “pharmacologically active” means that a substance so described is determined to have activity that affects a medical parameter (e.g., blood pressure, blood cell count, cholesterol level) or disease state (e.g., cancer, autoimmune disorders). Thus, pharmacologically active peptides comprise agonistic or mimetic and antagonistic peptides as defined below.

The terms “-mimetic peptide” and “-agonist peptide” refer to a peptide having biological activity comparable to a protein (e.g., EPO, TPO, G-CSF) that interacts with a protein of interest. These terms further include peptides that indirectly mimic the activity of a protein of interest, such as by potentiating the effects of the natural ligand of the protein of interest; see, for example, the G-CSF-mimetic peptides listed in Tables 2 and 7. Thus, the term “EPO-mimetic peptide” comprises any peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Wrighton et al. (1996), Science 273: 458–63, Naranda et al. (1999), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 7569–74, or any other reference in Table 2 identified as having EPO-mimetic subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “TPO-mimetic peptide” comprises peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Cwirla et al. (1997), Science 276: 1696–9, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,869,451 and 5,932,946 and any other reference in Table 2 identifed as having TPO-mimetic subject matter, as well as the U.S. patent application, “Thrombopoietic Compounds,” filed on even date herewith and hereby incorporated by reference. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “G-CSF-mimetic peptide” comprises any peptides that can be identified or described in Paukovits et al. (1984), Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 365: 303–11 or any of the references in Table 2 identified as having G-CSF-mimetic subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “CTLA4-mimetic peptide” comprises any peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Fukumoto et al. (1998), Nature Biotech. 16: 267–70. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “-antagonist peptide” or “inhibitor peptide” refers to a peptide that blocks or in some way interferes with the biological activity of the associated protein of interest, or has biological activity comparable to a known antagonist or inhibitor of the associated protein of interest. Thus, the term “TNF-antagonist peptide” comprises peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Takasaki et al. (1997), Nature Biotech. 15: 1266–70 or any of the references in Table 2 identified as having TNF-antagonistic subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The terms “IL-1 antagonist” and “IL-1ra-mimetic peptide” comprises peptides that inhibit or down-regulate activation of the IL-1 receptor by IL-1. IL-1 receptor activation results from formation of a complex among IL-1, IL-1 receptor, and IL-1 receptor accessory protein. IL-1 antagonist or IL-1ra-mimetic peptides bind to IL-1, IL-1 receptor, or IL-1 receptor accessory protein and obstruct complex formation among any two or three components of the complex. Exemplary IL-1 antagonist or IL-1ra-mimetic peptides can be identified or derived as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,035, 5,786,331, 5,880,096, or any of the references in Table 2 identified as having IL-1ra-mimetic or IL-1 antagonistic subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “VEGF-antagonist peptide” comprises peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Fairbrother (1998), Biochem. 37: 17754–64, and in any of the references in Table 2 identified as having VEGF-antagonistic subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

The term “MMP inhibitor peptide” comprises peptides that can be identified or derived as described in Koivunen (1999), Nature Biotech. 17: 768–74 and in any of the references in Table 2 identified as having MMP inhibitory subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that each of these references enables one to select different peptides than actually disclosed therein by following the disclosed procedures with different peptide libraries.

Additionally, physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention are also encompassed herein. By “physiologically acceptable salts” is meant any salts that are known or later discovered to be pharmaceutically acceptable. Some specific examples are: acetate; trifluoroacetate; hydrohalides, such as hydrochloride and hydrobromide; sulfate; citrate; tartrate; glycolate; and oxalate.

Structure of Compounds

In General. In the compositions of matter prepared in accordance with this invention, the peptide may be attached to the vehicle through the peptide's N-terminus or C-terminus. Thus, the vehicle-peptide molecules of this invention may be described by the following formula I: (X¹)_(a)—F¹—(X²)_(b)  I wherein:

F¹ is a vehicle (preferably an Fc domain);

X¹ and X² are each independently selected from -(L¹)_(c)-P¹, -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P², -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P²-(L³)_(e)-P³, and -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²⁾ _(d)-P²-(L³)_(e)-P³-(L⁴)_(f)-P⁴

P¹, P², P³, and P⁴ are each independently sequences of pharmacologically active peptides;

L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ are each independently linkers; and

a, b, c, d, e, and f are each independently 0 or 1, provided that at least one of a and b is 1.

Thus, compound I comprises preferred compounds of the formulae II X¹—F¹ and multimers thereof wherein F¹ is an Fc domain and is attached at the C-terminus of X¹; F¹—X²  III and multimers thereof wherein F¹ is an Fc domain and is attached at the N-terminus of X²; F¹-(L¹)_(c)-P¹  IV and multimers thereof wherein F¹ is an Fc domain and is attached at the N-terminus of -(L¹)_(c)-P¹; and F¹-(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P²  V and multimers thereof wherein F¹ is an Fc domain and is attached at the N-terminus of -L¹-P¹-L²-P².

Peptides. Any number of peptides may be used in conjunction with the present invention. Of particular interest are peptides that mimic the activity of EPO, TPO, growth hormone, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1ra, leptin, CTLA4, TRAIL, TGF-α, and TGF-β. Peptide antagonists are also of interest, particularly those antagonistic to the activity of TNF, leptin, any of the interleukins (IL-1, 2, 3, . . . ), and proteins involved in complement activation (e.g., C3b). Targeting peptides are also of interest, including tumor-homing peptides, membrane-transporting peptides, and the like. All of these classes of peptides may be discovered by methods described in the references cited in this specification and other references.

Phage display, in particular, is useful in generating peptides for use in the present invention. It has been stated that affinity selection from libraries of random peptides can be used to identify peptide ligands for any site of any gene product. Dedman et al. (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 23025–30. Phage display is particularly well suited for identifying peptides that bind to such proteins of interest as cell surface receptors or any proteins having linear epitopes. Wilson et al. (1998), Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 313–29; Kay et al. (1998), Drug Disc. Today 3: 370–8. Such proteins are extensively reviewed in Herz et al. (1997), J. Receptor & Signal Transduction Res. 17(5): 671–776, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such proteins of interest are preferred for use in this invention.

A particularly preferred group of peptides are those that bind to cytokine receptors. Cytokines have recently been classified according to their receptor code. See Inglot (1997), Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 45: 353–7, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Among these receptors, most preferred are the CKRs (family I in Table 3). The receptor classification appears in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Cytokine Receptors Classified by Receptor Code Cytokines (ligands) R ceptor Type family subfamily family subfamily I. Hemato- 1. IL-2, IL-4, I. Cytokine 1. shared poietic IL-7, IL-9, R (CKR) γCr cytokines IL-13, 2. shared IL-15 GP 140 2. IL-3, IL-5, βR GM-CSF 3. 3.shared 3. IL-6, RP 130 IL-11, 4. “single IL-12, chain” R LIF, 5. other R^(c) OSM, CNTF, leptin (OB) 4. G-CSF, EPO, TPO, PRL, GH 5. IL-17, HVS- IL-17 II. IL-10 IL-10, II. IL-10 R ligands BCRF-1, HSV- IL-10 III. Interferons 1. IFN-αI, III. Interferon 1. IFNAR α2, α4, R 2. IFNGR m, t, IFN-β^(d) 2. IFN-γ IV. IL-1 ligands 1. IL-1α, IV. IL-1R IL-1β, IL-1Ra V. TNF ligands 1. TNF-α, V. NGF/TNF TNF-β R^(e) (LT), FAS1, CD40 L, CD30L, CD27 L VI. Chemokines 1. α chemo- VI. Chemo- 1. CXCR kines: kine R 2. CCR IL-8, 3. CR GRO α, 4. DARC^(f) β, γ, IF-10, PF-4, SDF-1 2. β chemo- kines: MIP1α, MIP1β, MCP-1, 2, 3, 4, RANTES, eotaxin 3. β chemo kines: lympho- tactin VII. Growth 1.1 SCF, VII. RKF 1. TK sub- factors M-CSF, family PDGF- 1.1 IgTK III R AA, AB, 1.2 IgTK IV BB, R FLT-3L, 1.3 Cysteine- VEGF, rich TK-I SSV- 1.4 Cysteine PDGF rich TK-II 1.2 FGFα, 1.5 Cysteine FGFβ knot TK V 1.3 EGF, 2. STK TGF-α, subfamily VV-F19 (EGF- like) 1.4 IGF-I, IGF-II, Insulin 1.5 NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4^(g) 2. TGF-β1, β2, β3 ^(c)IL-17R belongs to the CKR family but is not assigned to any of the 4 indicated subjamilies. ^(d)Other IFN type I subtypes remain unassigned. Hematopoietic cytokines, IL-10 ligands and interferons do not possess functional intrinsic protein kinases. The signaling molecules for the cytokines are JAK's, STATs and related non-receptor molecules. IL-14, IL-16 and IL-18 have been cloned but according to the receptor code they remain unassigned. ^(e)TNF receptors use multiple, distinct intracellular molecules for signal transduction including “death domain” of FAS R and 55 kDa TNF-αR that participates in their cytotoxic effects. NGF/TNF R can bind both NGF and related factors as well as TNF ligands. Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled, seven transmembrane (7TM, serpentine) domain receptors. ^(f)The Duffy blood group antigen (DARC) is an erythrocyte receptor that can bind several different chemokines. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily but characteristics of its signal transduction events remain unclear. ^(g)The neurotrophic cytokines can associate with NGF/TNF receptors also. ^(h)STKS may encompass many other TGF-β related factors that remain unassigned. The protein kinases are intrinsic part of the intracellular domain of receptor kinase family (RKF). The enzymes participate in the signals transmission via the receptors.

Exemplary peptides for this invention appear in Tables 4 through 20 below. These peptides may be prepared by methods disclosed in the art. Single letter amino acid abbreviations are used. The X in these sequences (and throughout this specification, unless specified otherwise in a particular instance) means that any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues may be present. Any of these peptides may be linked in tandem (i.e., sequentially), with or without linkers, and a few tandem-linked examples are provided in the table. Linkers are listed as “Λ” and may be any of the linkers described herein. Tandem repeats and linkers are shown separated by dashes for clarity. Any peptide containing a cysteinyl residue may be cross-linked with another Cys-containing peptide, either or both of which may be linked to a vehicle. A few cross-linked examples are provided in the table. Any peptide having more than one Cys residue may form an intrapeptide disulfide bond, as well; see, for example, EPO-mimetic peptides in Table 5. A few examples of intrapeptide disulfide-bonded peptides are specified in the table. Any of these peptides may be derivatized as described herein, and a few derivatized examples are provided in the table. Derivatized peptides in the tables are exemplary rather than limiting, as the associated underivatized peptides may be employed in this invention, as well. For derivatives in which the carboxyl terminus may be capped with an amino group, the capping amino group is shown as —NH₂. For derivatives in which amino acid residues are substituted by moieties other than amino acid residues, the substitutions are denoted by ν, which signifies any of the moieties described in Bhatnagar et al. (1996), J. Med. Chem. 39: 3814–9 and Cuthbertson et al. (1997), J. Med. Chem. 40: 2876–82, which are incorporated by reference. The J substituent and the Z substituents (Z₅, Z₆, . . . Z₄₀) are as defined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,035, 5,786,331, and 5,880,096, which are incorporated by reference. For the EPO-mimetic sequences (Table 5), the substituents X₂ through X₁₁ and the integer “n” are as defined in WO 96/40772, which is incorporated by reference. The substituents “Ψ,” “Θ,” and “+” are as defined in Sparks et al. (1996), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 1540–4, which is hereby incorporated by reference. X₄, X₅, X₆, and X₇ are as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,569, which is hereby incorporated by reference, except that: for integrin-binding peptides, X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, and X₈ are as defined in International applications WO 95/14714, published Jun. 1, 1995 and WO 97/08203, published Mar. 6, 1997, which are also incorporated by reference; and for VIP-mimetic peptides, X₁, X₁′, X₁″, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆ and Z and the integers m and n are as defined in WO 97/40070, published Oct. 30, 1997, which is also incorporated by reference. Xaa and Yaa below are as defined in WO 98/09985, published Mar. 12, 1998, which is incorporated by reference. AA₁, AA₂, AB₁, AB₂, and AC are as defined in International application WO 98/53842, published Dec. 3, 1998, which is incorporated by reference. X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ in Table 17 only are as defined in European application EP 0 911 393, published Apr. 28, 1999. Residues appearing in boldface are D-amino acids. All peptides are linked through peptide bonds unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations are listed at the end of this specification. In the “SEQ ID NO.” column, “NR” means that no sequence listing is required for the given sequence.

TABLE 4 IL-1 antagonist peptide sequences Sequence/structure SEQ ID NO: Z₁₁Z₇Z₈QZ₅YZ₆Z₉Z₁₀ 212 XXQZ₅YZ₆XX 907 Z₇XQZ₅YZ₆XX 908 Z₇Z₈QZ₅YZ₆Z₉Z₁₀ 909 Z₁₁Z₇Z₈QZ₅YZ₆Z₉Z₁₀ 910 Z₁₂Z₁₃Z₁₄Z₁₅Z₁₆Z₁₇Z₁₈Z₁₉Z₂₀Z₂₁Z₂₂Z₁₁Z₇Z₈QZ₅YZ₆Z₉Z₁₀L 917 Z₂₃NZ₂₄Z₃₉Z₂₅Z₂₆Z₂₇Z₂₈Z₂₉Z₃₀Z₄₀ 979 TANVSSFEWTPYYWQPYALPL 213 SWTDYGYWQPYALPISGL 214 ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 215 ENTYSPNWADSMYWQPYALPL 216 SVGEDHNFWTSEYWQPYALPL 217 DGYDRWRQSGERYWQPYALPL 218 FEWTPGYWQPY 219 FEWTPGYWQHY 220 FEWTPGWYQJY 221 AcFEWTPGWYQJY 222 FEWTPGWpYQJY 223 FAWTPGYWQJY 224 FEWAPGYWQJY 225 FEWVPGYWQJY 226 FEWTPGYWQJY 227 AcFEWTPGYWQJY 228 FEWTPaWYQJY 229 FEWTPSarWYQJY 230 FEWTPGYYQPY 231 FEWTPGWWQPY 232 FEWTPNYWQPY 233 FEWTPvYWQJY 234 FEWTPecGYWQJY 235 FEWTPAibYWQJY 236 FEWTSarGYWQJY 237 FEWTPGYWQPY 238 FEWTPGYWQHY 239 FEWTPGWYQJY 240 AcFEWTPGWYQJY 241 FEWTPGW-pY-QJY 242 FAWTPGYWQJY 243 FEWAPGYWQJY 244 FEWVPGYWQJY 245 FEWTPGYWQJY 246 AcFEWTPGYWQJY 247 FEWTPAWYQJY 248 FEWTPSarWYQJY 249 FEWTPGYYQPY 250 FEWTPGWWQPY 251 FEWTPNYWQPY 252 FEWTPVYWQJY 253 FEWTPecGYWQJY 254 FEWTPAibYWQJY 255 FEWTSarGYWQJY 256 FEWTPGYWQPYALPL 257 1NapEWTPGYYQJY 258 YEWTPGYYQJY 259 FEWVPGYYQJY 260 FEWTPSYYQJY 261 FEWTPNYYQJY 262 TKPR 263 RKSSK 264 RKQDK 265 NRKQDK 266 RKQDKR 267 ENRKQDKRF 268 VTKFYF 269 VTKFY 270 VTDFY 271 SHLYWQPYSVQ 671 TLVYWQPYSLQT 672 RGDYWQPYSVQS 673 VHVYWOPYSVQT 674 RLVYWQPYSVQT 675 SRVWFQPYSLQS 676 NMVYWQPYSIQT 677 SVVFWQPYSVQT 678 TFVYWQPYALPL 679 TLVYWQPYSIQR 680 RLVYWQPYSVQR 681 SPVFWQPYSIQI 682 WIEWWQPYSVQS 683 SLIYWQPYSLQM 684 TRLYWQPYSVQR 685 RCDYWQPYSVQT 686 MRVFWQPYSVQN 687 KIVYWQPYSVQT 688 RHLYWQPYSVQR 689 ALVWWQPYSEQI 690 SRVWFQPYSLQS 691 WEQPYALPLE 692 QLVWWQPYSVQR 693 DLRYWQPYSVQV 694 ELVWWQPYSLQL 695 DLVWWQPYSVQW 696 NGNYWQPYSFQV 697 ELVYWQPYSIQR 698 ELMYWQPYSVQE 699 NLLYWQPYSMQD 700 GYEWYQPYSVQR 701 SRVWYQPYSVQR 702 LSEQYQPYSVQR 703 GGGWWQPYSVQR 704 VGRWYQPYSVQR 705 VHVYWQPYSVQR 706 QARWYQPYSVQR 707 VHVYWQPYSVQT 708 RSVYWQPYSVQR 709 TRVWFQPYSVQR 710 GRIWFQPYSVQR 711 GRVWFQPYSVQR 712 ARTWYQPYSVQR 713 ARVWWQPYSVQM 714 RLMFYQPYSVQR 715 ESMWYQPYSVQR 716 HFGWWQPYSVHM 717 ARFWWQPYSVQR 718 RLVYWQ PYAPIY 719 RLVYWQ PYSYQT 720 RLVYWQ PYSLPI 721 RLVYWQ PYSVQA 722 SRVWYQ PYAKGL 723 SRVWYQ PYAQGL 724 SRVWYQ PYAMPL 725 SRVWYQ PYSVQA 726 SRVWYQ PYSLGL 727 SRVWYQ PYAREL 728 SRVWYQ PYSRQP 729 SRVWYQ PYFVQP 730 EYEWYQ PYALPL 731 IPEYWQ PYALPL 732 SRIWWQ PYALPL 733 DPLFWQ PYALPL 734 SRQWVQ PYALPL 735 IRSWWQ PYALPL 736 RGYWQ PYALPL 737 RLLWVQ PYALPL 738 EYRWFQ PYALPL 739 DAYWVQ PYALPL 740 WSGYFQ PYALPL 741 NIEFWQ PYALPL 742 TRDWVQ PYALPL 743 DSSWYQ PYALPL 744 IGNWYQ PYALPL 745 NLRWDQ PYALPL 746 LPEFWQ PYALPL 747 DSYWWQ PYALPL 748 RSQYYQ PYALPL 749 ARFWLQ PYALPL 750 NSYFWQ PYALPL 751 RFMYWQPYSVQR 752 AHLFWQPYSVQR 753 WWQPYALPL 754 YYQPYALPL 755 YFQPYALGL 756 YWYQPYALPL 757 RWWQPYATPL 758 GWYQPYALGF 759 YWYQPYALGL 760 IWYQPYAMPL 761 SNMQPYQRLS 762 TFVYWQPY AVGLPAAETACN 763 TFVYWQPY SVQMTITGKVTM 764 TFVYWQPY SSHXXVPXGFPL 765 TEVYWQPY YGNPQWAIHVRH 766 TEVYWQPY VLLELPEGAVRA 767 TEVYWQPY VDYVWPIPIAQV 768 GWYQPYVDGWR 769 RWEQPYVKDGWS 770 EWYQPYALGWAR 771 GWWQPYARGL 772 LFEQPYAKALGL 773 GWEQPYARGLAG 774 AWVQPYATPLDE 775 MWYQPYSSQPAE 776 GWTQPYSQQGEV 777 DWFQPYSIQSDE 778 PWIQPYARGFG 779 RPLYWQPYSVQV 780 TLIYWQPYSVQI 781 RFDYWQPYSDQT 782 WHQFVQPYALPL 783 EWDS VYWQPYSVQ TLLR 784 WEQN VYWQPYSVQ SFAD 785 SDV VYWQPYSVQ SLEM 786 YYDG VYWQPYSVQ VMPA 787 SDIWYQ PYALPL 788 QRIWWQ PYALPL 789 SRIWWQ PYALPL 790 RSLYWQ PYALPL 791 TIIWEQ PYALPL 792 WETWYQ PYALPL 793 SYDWEQ PYALPL 794 SRIWCQ PYALPL 795 EIMEWQ PYALPL 796 DYVWQQ PYALPL 797 MDLLVQ WYQPYALPL 798 GSKVIL WYQPYALPL 799 RQGANI WYQPYALPL 800 GGGDEP WYQPYALPL 801 SQLERT WYQPYALPL 802 ETWVRE WYQPYALPL 803 KKGSTQ WYQPYALPL 804 LQARMN WYQPYALPL 805 EPRSQK WYQPYALPL 806 VKQKWR WYQPYALPL 807 LRRHDV WYQPYALPL 808 RSTASI WYQPYALPL 809 ESKEDQ WYQPYALPL 810 EGLTMK WYQPYALPL 811 EGSREG WYQPYALPL 812 VIEWWQ PYALPL 813 VWYWEQ PYALPL 814 ASEWWQ PYALPL 815 FYEWWQ PYALPL 816 EGWWVQ PYALPL 817 WGEWLQ PYALPL 818 DYVWEQ PYALPL 819 AHTWWQ PYALPL 820 FIEWFQ PYALPL 821 WLAWEQ PYALPL 822 VMEWWQ PYALPL 823 ERMWQ PYALPL 824 NXXWXX PYALPL 825 WGNWYQ PYALPL 826 TLYWEQ PYALPL 827 VWRWEQ PYALPL 828 LLWTQ PYALPL 829 SRIWXX PYALPL 830 SDIWYQ PYALPL 831 WGYYXX PYALPL 832 TSGWYQ PYALPL 833 VHPYXX PYALPL 834 EHSYFQ PYALPL 835 XXIWYQ PYALPL 836 AQLHSQ PYALPL 837 WANWFQ PYALPL 838 SRLYSQ PYALPL 839 GVTFSQ PYALPL 840 SIVWSQ PYALPL 841 SRDLVQ PYALPL 842 HWGH VYWQPYSVQ DDLG 843 SWHS VYWQPYSVQ SVPE 844 WRDS VYWQPYSVQ PESA 845 TWDA VYWQPYSVQ KWLD 846 TPPW VYWQPYSVQ SLDP 847 YWSS VYWQPYSVQ SVHS 848 YWY QPY ALGL 849 YWY QPY ALPL 850 EWI QPY ATGL 851 NWE QPY AKPL 852 AFY QPY ALPL 853 FLY QPY ALPL 854 VQK QPY LEWQ 855 ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 856 QGWLTWQDSVDMYWQPYALPL 857 FSEAGYTWPENTYWQPYALPL 858 TESPGGLDWAKIYWQPYALPL 859 DGYDRWRQSGERYWQPYALPL 860 TANVSSFEWTPGYWQPYALPL 861 SVGEDHNFWTSE YWQPYALPL 862 MNDQTSEVSTFP YWQPYALPL 863 SWSEAFEQPRNL YWQPYALPL 864 QYAEPSALNDWG YWQPYALPL 865 NGDWATADWSNY YWQPYALPL 866 THQEHI YWQPYALPL 867 MLEKTYTTWTPG YWQPYALPL 868 WSDPLTRDADL YWQPYALPL 869 SDAFTTQDSQAM YWQPYALPL 870 GDDAAWRTDSLT YWQPYALPL 871 AIIRQLYRWSEM YWQPYALPL 872 ENTYSPNWADSM YWQPYALPL 873 MNDQTSEVSTFP YWQPYALPL 874 SVGEDHNFWTSE YWQPYALPL 875 QTPFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 876 ENPFTWQESNAY YWQPYALPL 877 VTPFTWEDSNVF YWQPYALPL 878 QIPFTWEQSNAY YWQPYALPL 879 QAPLTWQESAAY YWQPYALPL 880 EPTFTWEESKAT YWQPYALPL 881 TTTLTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 882 ESPLTWEESSAL YWQPYALPL 883 ETPLTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 884 EATFTWAESNAY YWQPYALPL 885 EALFTWKESTAY YWQPYALPL 886 STP-TWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 887 ETPFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 888 KAPFTWEESQAY YWQPYALPL 889 STSFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 890 DSTFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 891 YIPFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 892 QTAFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 893 ETLFTWEESNAT YWQPYALPL 894 VSSFTWEESNAY YWQPYALPL 895 QPYALPL 896 Py-1-NapPYQJYALPL 897 TANVSSFEWTPG YWQPYALPL 898 FEWTPGYWQPYALPL 899 FEWTPGYWQJYALPL 900 FEWTPGYYQJYALPL 901 ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 902 FTWEESNAYYWQJYALPL 903 ADVL YWQPYA PVTLWV 904 GDVAE YWQPYA LPLTSL 905 SWTDYG YWQPYA LPISGL 906 FEWTPGYWQPYALPL 911 FEWTPGYWQJYALPL 912 FEWTPGWYQPYALPL 913 FEWTPGWYQJYALPL 914 FEWTPGYYQPYALPL 915 FEWTPGYYQJYALPL 916 TANVSSFEWTPGYWQPYALPL 918 SWTDYGYWQPYALPISGL 919 ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 920 ENTYSPNWADSMYWQPYALPL 921 SVGEDHNFWTSEYWQPYALPL 922 DGYDRWRQSGERYWQPYALPL 923 FEWTPGYWQPYALPL 924 FEWTPGYWQPY 925 FEWTPGYWQJY 926 EWTPGYWQPY 927 FEWTPGWYQJY 928 AEWTPGYWQJY 929 FAWTPGYWQJY 930 FEATPGYWQJY 931 FEWAPGYWQJY 932 FEWTAGYWQJY 933 FEWTPAYWQJY 934 FEWTPGAWQJY 935 FEWTPGYAQJY 936 FEWTPGYWQJA 937 FEWTGGYWQJY 938 FEWTPGYWQJY 939 FEWTJGYWQJY 940 FEWTPecGYWQJY 941 FEWTPAibYWQJY 942 FEWTPSarWYQJY 943 FEWTSarGYWQJY 944 FEWTPNYWQJY 945 FEWTPVYWQJY 946 FEWTVPYWQJY 947 AcFEWTPGWYQJY 948 AcFEWTPGYWQJY 949 INap-EWTPGYYQJY 950 YEWTPGYYQJY 951 FEWVPGYYQJY 952 FEWTPGYYQJY 953 FEWTPsYYQJY 954 FEWTPnYYQJY 955 SHLY-Nap-QPYSVQM 956 TLVY-Nap-QPYSLQT 957 RGDY-Nap-QPYSVQS 958 NMVY-Nap-QPYSIQT 959 VYWQPYSVQ 960 VY-Nap-QPYSVQ 961 TFVYWQJYALPL 962 FEWTPGYYQJ-Bpa 963 XaaFEWTPGYYQJ-Bpa 964 FEWTPGY-Bpa-QJY 965 AcFEWTPGY-Bpa-QJY 966 FEWTPG-Bpa-YQJY 967 AcFEWTPG-Bpa-YQJY 968 AcFE-Bpa-TPGYYQJY 969 AcFE-Bpa-TPGYYQJY 970 Bpa-EWTPGYYQJY 971 AcBpa-EWTPGYYQJY 972 VYWQPYSVQ 973 RLVYWQPYSVQR 974 RLVY-Nap-QPYSVQR 975 RLDYWQPYSVQR 976 RLVWFQPYSVQR 977 RLVYWQPYSIQR 978 DNSSWYDSFLL 980 DNTAWYESFLA 981 DNTAWYENFLL 982 PARE DNTAWYDSFLI WC 983 TSEY DNTTWYEKFLA SQ 984 SQIP DNTAWYQSFLL HG 985 SPFI DNTAWYENFLL TY 986 EQIY DNTAWYDHFLL SY 987 TPFI DNTAWYENFLL TY 988 TYTY DNTAWYERFLM SY 989 TMTQ DNTAWYENFLL SY 990 TI DNTAWYANLVQ TYPQ 991 TI DNTAWYERFLA QYPD 992 HI DNTAWYENFLL TYTP 993 SQ DNTAWYENFLL SYKA 994 QI DNTAWYERFLL QYNA 995 NQ DNTAWYESFLL QYNT 996 TI DNTAWYENFLL NHNL 997 HY DNTAWYERFLQ QGWH 998 ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 999 YIPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL 1000 DGYDRWRQSGERYWQPYALPL 1001 pY-INap-pY-QJYALPL 1002 TANVSSFEWTPGYWQPYALPL 1003 FEWTPGYWQJYALPL 1004 FEWTPGYWQPYALPLSD 1005 FEWTPGYYQJYALPL 1006 FEWTPGYWQJY 1007 AcFEWTPGYWQJY 1008 AcFEWTPGWYQJY 1009 AcFEWTPGYYQJY 1010 AcFEWTPaYWQJY 1011 AcFEWTPaWYQJY 1012 AcFEWTPaYYQJY 1013 FEWTPGYYQJYALPL 1014 FEWTPGYWQJYALPL 1015 FEWTPGWYQJYALPL 1016 TANVSSFEWTPGYWQPYALPL 1017 AcFEWTPGYWQJY 1018 AcFEWTPGWYQJY 1019 AcFEWTPGYYQJY 1020 AcFEWTPAYWQJY 1021 AcFEWTPAWYQJY 1022 AcFEWTPAYYQJY 1023

TABLE 5 EPO-mimetic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: YXCXXGPXTWXCXP 83 YXCXXGPXTWXCXP-YXCXXGPXTWXCXP 84 YXCXXGPXTWXCXP-Λ-YXCXXGPXTWXCXP 85

86 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG 87 GGDYHCRMGPLTWVCKPLGG 88 GGVYACRMGPITWVCSPLGG 89 VGNYMCHFGPITWVCRPGGG 90 GGLYLCRFGPVTWDCGYKGG 91 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG- 92 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-Λ- 93 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK 94 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK- 95 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK-Λ- 96 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK

97 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGGSSK(-Λ-biotin) 98 CX₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇C 421 GGTYSCHGPLTWVCKPQGG 422 VGNYMAHMGPITWVCRPGG 423 GGPHHVYACRMGPLTWIC 424 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQ 425 GGLYACHMGPMTWVCQPLRG 426 TIAQYICYMGPETWECRPSPKA 427 YSCHFGPLTWVCK 428 YCHFGPLTWVC 429 X₃X₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇X₈ 124 YX₂X₃X₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇X₈ 461 X₁YX₂X₃X₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁ 419 X₁YX₂CX₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇CX₉X₁₀X₁₁ 420 GGLYLCRFGPVTWDCGYKGG 1024 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG 1025 GGDYHCRMGPLTWVCKPLGG 1026 VGNYMCHFGPITWVCRPGGG 1029 GGVYACRMGPITWVCSPLGG 1030 VGNYMAHMGPITWVCRPGG 1035 GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQ 1036 GGLYACHMGPMTWVCQPLRG 1037 TIAQYICYMGPETWECRPSPKA 1038 YSCHFGPLTWVCK 1039 YCHFGPLTWVC 1040 SCHFGPLTWVCK 1041 (AX₂)_(n)X₃X₄X₅GPX₆TWX₇X₈ 1042

TABLE 6 TPO-mimetic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: IEGPTLRQWLAARA 13 IEGPTLRQWLAAKA 24 IEGPTLREWLAARA 25 IEGPTLRQWLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 26 IEGPTLRQWLAAKA-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAAKA 27 IEGPTLRQCLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQCLAARA 28         

IEGPTLRQWLAARA-Λ-K(BrAc)-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 29 IEGPTLRQWLAARA-Λ-K(PEG)-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 30 IEGPTLRQCLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 31         | IEGPTLRQCLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 31 IEGPTLRQWLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQCLAARA 32                          | IEGPTLRQWLAARA-Λ-IEGPTLRQCLAARA 32 VRDQIXXXL 33 TLREWL 34 GRVRDQVAGW 35 GRVKDQIAQL 36 GVRDQVSWAL 37 ESVREQVMKY 38 SVRSQISASL 39 GVRETVYRHM 40 GVREVIVMHML 41 GRVRDQIWAAL 42 AGVRDQILIWL 43 GRVRDQIMLSL 44 GRVRDQI(X)₃L 45 CTLRQWLQGC 46 CTLQEFLEGC 47 CTRTEWLHGC 48 CTLREWLHGGFC 49 CTLREWVFAGLC 50 CTLRQWLILLGMC 51 CTLAEFLASGVEQC 52 CSLQEFLSHGGYVC 53 CTLREFLDPTTAVC 54 CTLKEWLVSHEVWC 55 CTLREWL(X)₂₋₆C 56-60 REGPTLRQWM 61 EGPTLRQWLA 62 ERGPFWAKAC 63 REGPRCVMWM 64 CGTEGPTLSTWLDC 65 CEQDGPTLLEWLKC 66 CELVGPSLMSWLTC 67 CLTGPFVTQWLYEC 68 CRAGPTLLEWLTLC 69 CADGPTLREWISFC 70 C(X)₁₋₂EGPTLREWL(X)₁₋₂C 71-74 GGCTLREWLHGGFCGG 75 GGCADGPTLREWISFCGG 76 GNADGPTLRQWLEGRRPKN 77 LAIEGPTLRQWLHGNGRDT 78 HGRVGPTLREWKTQVATKK 79 TIKGPTLRQWLKSREHTS 80 ISDGPTLKEWLSVTRGAS 81 SIEGPTLREWLTSRTPHS 82

TABLE 7 G-CSF-mimetic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: EEDCK 99 EEDCK 99    | EEDCK 99 EEDσK 100 EEDσK 100    | EEDσK 100 pGluEDσK 101 pGluEDσK 101       | pGluEDσK 101 PicSDσK 102 PicSDσK 102      | PioSDσk 102 EEDCK-Λ-EEDCK 103 EEDXK-Λ-EEDXK 104

TABLE 8 TNF-antagonist peptide sequences Sequence/structure SEQ ID NO: YCFTASENHCY 106 YCFTNSENHCY 107 YCFTRSENHCY 108 FCASENHCY 109 YCASENHCY 110 FCNSENHCY 111 FCNSENRCY 112 FCNSVENRCY 113 YCSQSVSNDCF 114 FCVSNDRCY 115 YCRKELGQVCY 116 YCKEPGQCY 117 YCRKEMGCY 118 FCRKEMGCY 119 YCWSQNLCY 120 YCELSQYLCY 121 YCWSQNYCY 122 YCWSQYLCY 123 DFLPHYKNTSLGHRP 1085

NR

TABLE 9 Integrin-binding peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: RX₁ETX₂WX₃ 441 RX₁ETX₂WX₃ 442 RGDGX 443 CRGDGXC 444 CX₁X₂RLDX₃X₄C 445 CARRLDAPC 446 CPSRLDSPC 447 X₁X₂X₃RGDX₄X₅X₆ 448 CX₂CRGDCX₅C 449 CDCRGDCFC 450 CDCRGDCLC 451 CLCRGDCLC 452 X₁X₂DDX₄X₅X₇X₈ 453 X₁X₂X₃DDX₄X₅X₆X₇X₈ 454 CWDDGWLC 455 CWDDLWWLC 456 CWDDGLMC 457 CWDDGWMC 458 CSWDDGWLC 459 CPDDLWWLC 460 NGR NR GSL NR RGD NR CGRECPRLCQSSC 1071 CNGRCVSGCAGRC 1072 CLSGSLSC 1073 RGD NR NGR NR GSL NR NGRAHA 1074 CNGRC 1075 CDCRGDGEC 1076 CGSLVRC 1077 DLXXL 1043 RTDLDSLRTYTL 1044 RTDLDSLRTY 1053 RTDLDSLRT 1054 RTDLDSLR 1078 GDLDLLKLRLTL 1079 GDLHSLRQLLSR 1080 RDDLHMLRLQLW 1081 SSDLHALKKRYG 1082 RGDLKQLSELTW 1083 RGDLAALSAPPV 1084

TABLE 10 Selectin antagonist peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: DITWDQLWDLMK 147 DITWDELWKIMN 148 DYTWFELWDMMQ 149 QITWAQLWNMMK 150 DMTWHDLWTLMS 151 DYSWHDLWEMMS 152 EITWDQLWEVMN 153 HVSWEQLWDIMN 154 HITWDQLWRIMT 155 RNMSWLELWEHMK 156 AEWTWDQLWHVMNPAESQ 157 HRAEWLALWEQMSP 158 KKEDWLALWRIMSV 159 ITWDQLWDLMK 160 DITWDQLWDLMK 161 DITWDQLWDLMK 162 DITWDQLWDLMK 163 CQNRYTDLVAIQNKNE 462 AENWADNEPNNKRNNED 463 RKNNKTWTWVGTKKALTNE 464 KKALTNEAENWAD 465 CQXRYTDLVAIQNKXE 466 RKXNXXWTWVGTXKXLTEE 467 AENWADGEPNNKXNXED 468 CXXXYTXLVAIQNKXE 469 RKXXXXWXWVGTXKXLTXE 470 AXNWXXXEPNNXXXED 471 XKXKTXEAXNWXX 472

TABLE 11 Antipathogenic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVGSALSSSGGQQ 503 GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVGSALSSSGGQE 504 GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAV 505 GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAV 506 KGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAV 507 KKGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAV 508 KKGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAV 509 GFFALIPKIIS 510 GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ 511 GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ 512 GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ 513 GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKR 514 AVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKR 515 KLLLLLKLLLLK 516 KLLLKLLLKLLK 517 KLLLKLKLKLLK 518 KKLLKLKLKLKK 519 KLLLKLLLKLLK 520 KLLLKLKLKLLK 521 KLLLLK 522 KLLLKLLK 523 KLLLKLKLKLLK 524 KLLLKLKLKLLK 525 KLLLKLKLKLLK 526 KAAAKAAAKAAK 527 KVVVKVVVKVVK 528 KVVVKVKVKVVK 529 KVVVKVKVKVK 530 KVVVKVKVKVVK 531 KLILKL 532 KVLHLL 533 LKLRLL 534 KPLHLL 535 KLILKLVR 536 KVFHLLHL 537 HKFRILKL 538 KPFHILHL 539 KIIIKIKIKIIK 540 KIIIKIKIKIIK 541 KIIIKIKIKIIK 542 KIPIKIKIKIPK 543 KIPIKIKIKIVK 544 RIIIRIRIRIIR 545 RIIIRIRIRIIR 546 RIIIRIRIRIIR 547 RIVIRIRIRLIR 548 RIIVRIRLRIIR 549 RIGIRLRVRIIR 550 KIVIRIRIRLIR 551 RIAVKWRLRFIK 552 KIGWKLRVRIIR 553 KKIGWLIIRVRR 554 RIVIRIRIRLIRIR 555 RIIVRIRLRIIRVR 556 RIGIRLRVRIIRRV 557 KIVIRIRARLIRIRIR 558 RIIVKIRLRIIKKIRL 559 KIGIKARVRIIRVKII 560 RIIVHIRLRIIHHIRL 561 HIGIKAHVRIIRVHII 562 RIYVKIHLRYIKKIRL 563 KIGHKARVHIIRYKII 564 RIYVKPHPRYIKKIRL 565 KPGHKARPHIIRYKII 566 KIVIRIRIRLIRIRIRKIV 567 RIIVKIRLRIIKKIRLIKK 568 KIGWKLRVRIIRVKIGRLR 569 KIVIRIRIRLIRIRIRKIVKVKRIR 570 RFAVKIRLRIIKKIRLIKKIRKRVIK 571 KAGWKLRVRIIRVKIGRLRKIGWKKRVRIK 572 RIYVKPHPRYIKKIRL 573 KPGHKARPHIIRYKII 574 KIVIRIRIRLIRIRIRKIV 575 RIIVKIRLRIIKKIRLIKK 576 RIYVSKISIYIKKIRL 577 KIVIFTRIRLTSIRIRSIV 578 KPIHKARPTIIRYKMI 579 cyclicCKGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVC 580 CKKGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVC 581 CKKKGFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVC 582 CyclicCRIVIRIRIRLIRIRC 583 CyclicCKPGHKARPHIIRYKIIC 584 CyclicCRFAVKIRLRIIKKIRLIKKIRKRVIKC 585 KLLLKLLLKLLKC 586 KLLLKLLLKLLK 587 KLLLKLKLKLLKC 588 KLLLKLLLKLLK 589

TABLE 12 VIP-mimetic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: HSDAVFYDNYTR LRKQMAVKKYLN SILN 590 Nle HSDAVFYDNYTR LRKQMAVKKYLN SILN 591 X₁X₁′X₁″X₂ 592 X₃SX₄LN 593 NH OH CO KKYX5 NH CH CO X6 594    |                 | (CH2)m_(———)Z_(—————)(CH2)n KKYL 595 NSILN 596 KKYL 597 KKYA 598 AVKKYL 599 NSILN 600 KKYV 601 SILauN 602 KKYLNle 603 NSYLN 604 NSIYN 605 KKYLPPNSILN 606 LauKKYL 607 CapKKYL 608 KYL NR KKYNIe 609 VKKYL 610 LNSILN 611 YLNSILN 612 KKYLN 613 KKYLNS 614 KKYLNSI 615 KKYLNSIL 616 KKYL 617 KKYDA 618 AVKKYL 619 NSILN 620 KKYV 621 SILauN 622 NSYLN 623 NSIYN 624 KKYLNIe 625 KKYLPPNSILN 626 KKYL 627 KKYDA 628 AVKKYL 629 NSILN 630 KKYV 631 SILauN 632 LauKKYL 633 CapKKYL 634 KYL NR KYL NR KKYNIe 635 VKKYL 636 LNSILN 637 YLNSILN 638 KKYLNle 639 KKYLN 640 KKYLNS 641 KKYLNSI 642 KKYLNSIL 643 KKKYLD 644 cyclicCKKYLC 645 CKKYLK 646 |    | S-CH₂-CO KKYA 647 WWTDTGLW 648 WWTDDGLW 649 WWDTRGLWVWTI 650 FWGNDGIWLESG 651 DWDQFGLWRGAA 652 RWDDNGLWVVVL 653 SGMWSHYGIWMG 654 GGRWDQAGLWVA 655 KLWSEQGIWMGE 656 CWSMHGLWLC 657 GCWDNTGIWVPC 658 DWDTRGLWVY 659 SLWDENGAWI 660 KWDDRGLWMH 661 QAWNERGLWT 662 QWDTRGLWVA 663 WNVHGIWQE 664 SWDTRGLWVE 665 DWDTRGLWVA 666 SWGRDGLWIE 667 EWTDNGLWAL 668 SWDEKGLWSA 669 SWDSGLWMD 670

TABLE 13 Mdm/hdm antagonist peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: TFSDLW 130 QETFSDLWKLLP 131 QPTFSDLWKLLP 132 QETFSDYWKLLP 133 QPTFSDYWKLLP 134 MPRFMDYWEGLN 135 VQNFIDYWTQQF 136 TGPAFTHYWATF 137 IDRAPTFRDHWFALV 138 PRPALVFADYWETLY 139 PAFSRFWSDLSAGAH 140 PAFSRFWSKLSAGAH 141 PXFXDYWXXL 142 QETFSDLWKLLP 143 QPTFSDLWKLLP 144 QETFSDYWKLLP 145 QPTFSDYWKLLP 146

TABLE 14 Calmodulin antagonist peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: SCVKWGKKEFCGS 164 SCWKYWGKECGS 165 SCYEWGKLRWCGS 166 SCLRWGKWSNCGS 167 SCWRWGKYQICGS 168 SCVSWGALKLCGS 169 SCIRWGQNTFCGS 170 SCWQWGNLKICGS 171 SCVRWGQLSICGS 172 LKKFNARRKLKGAILTTMLAK 173 RRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKK 174 RKWQKTGHAVRAIGRLSS 175 INLKALAALAKKIL 176 KIWSILAPLGTTLVKLVA 177 LKKLLKLLKKLLKL 178 LKWKKLLKLLKKLLKKLL 179 AEWPSLTEIKTLSHFSV 180 AEWPSPTRVISTTYFGS 181 AELAHWPPVKTVLRSFT 182 AEGSWLQLLNLMKQMNN 183 AEWPSLTEIK 184

TABLE 15 Mast cell antagonists/Mast cell protease inhibitor peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: SGSGVLKRPLPILPVTR 272 RWLSSRPLPPLPLPPRT 273 GSGSYDTLALPSLPLHPMSS 274 GSGSYDTRALPSLPLHPMSS 275 GSGSSGVTMYPKLPPHWSMA 276 GSGSSGVRMYPKLPPHWSMA 277 GSGSSSMRMVPTIPGSAKHG 278 RNR NR QT NR RQK NR NRQ NR RQK NR RNRQKT 436 RNRQ 437 RNRQK 438 NRQKT 439 RQKT 440

TABLE 16 SH3 antagonist peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: RPLPPLP 282 RELPPLP 283 SPLPPLP 284 GPLPPLP 285 RPLPIPP 286 RPLPIPP 287 RRLPPTP 288 RQLPPTP 289 RPLPSRP 290 RPLPTRP 291 SRLPPLP 292 RALPSPP 293 RRLPRTP 294 RPVPPIT 295 ILAPPVP 296 RPLPMLP 297 RPLPILP 298 RPLPSLP 299 RPLPSLP 300 RPLPMIP 301 RPLPLIP 302 RPLPPTP 303 RSLPPLP 304 RPQPPPP 305 RQLPIPP 306 XXXRPLPPLPXP 307 XXXRPLPPIPXX 308 XXXRPLPPLPXX 309 RXXRPLPPLPXP 310 RXXRPLPPLPPP 311 PPPYPPPPIPXX 312 PPPYPPPPVPXX 313 LXXRPLPXΨPP 314 ΨXXRPLPXLP 315 PPXΘXPPPΨP 316 +PPΨPPXKPXWL 317 RPXΨPΨR + SXP 318 PPVPPRPXXTL 319 ΨPΨPLPΨK 320 +ΘDXPLPXLP 321

TABLE 17 Somatostatin or cortistatin mimetic peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: X¹-X²-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-X³-X⁴ 473 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys 474 Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys 475 Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys 476 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 477 Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 478 Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 479 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 480 Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys 481 Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys 482 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 483 Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 484 Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Cys 485 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 486 Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 487 Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 488 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 489 Met Pro Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 490 Cys Arg Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 491 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 492 Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 493 Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys Lys 494 Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 495 Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 496 Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe Trp Lys Thr Phe Thr Ser Cys 497

TABLE 18 UKR antagonist peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: AEPMPHSLNFSQYLWYT 196 AEHTYSSLWDTYSPLAF 197 AELDLWMRHYPLSFSNR 198 AESSLWTRYAWPSMPSY 199 AEWHPGLSFGSYLWSKT 200 AEPALLNWSFFFNPGLH 201 AEWSFYNLHLPEPQTIF 202 AEPLDLWSLYSLPPLAM 203 AEPTLWQLYQFPLRLSG 204 AEISFSELMWLRSTPAF 205 AELSEADLWTTWFGMGS 206 AESSLWRIFSPSALMMS 207 AESLPTLTSILWGKESV 208 AETLFMDLWHDKHILLT 209 AEILNFPLWHEPLWSTE 210 AESQTGTLNTLFWNTLR 211 AEPVYQYELDSYLRSYY 430 AELDLSTFYDIQYLLRT 431 AEFFKLGPNGYVYLHSA 432 FKLXXXGYVYL 433 AESTYHHLSLGYMYTLN 434 YHXLXXGYMYT 435

TABLE 19 Macrophage and/or T-cell inhibiting peptide sequences SEQ Sequence/structure ID NO: Xaa-Yaa-Arg NR Arg-Yaa-Xaa NR Xaa-Arg-Yaa NR Yaa-Arg-Xaa NR Ala-Arg NR Arg-Arg NR Asn-Arg NR Asp-Arg NR Cys-Arg NR Gln-Arg NR Glu-Arg NR Gly-Arg NR His-arg NR Ile-Arg NR Leu-Arg NR Lys-Arg NR Met-Arg NR Phe-Arg NR Ser-Arg NR Thr-Arg NR Trp-Arg NR Tyr-Arg NR Val-Arg NR Ala-Glu-Arg NR Arg-Glu-Arg NR Asn-Glu-Arg NR Asp-Glu-Arg NR Cys-Glu-Arg NR Gln-Glu-Arg NR Glu-Glu-Arg NR Gly-Glu-Arg NR His-Glu-Arg NR Ile-Glu-Arg NR Leu-Glu-Arg NR Lys-Glu-Arg NR Met-Glu-Arg NR Phe-Glu-Arg NR Pro-Glu-Arg NR Ser-Glu-Arg NR Thr-Glu-Arg NR Trp-Glu-Arg NR Tyr-Glu-Arg NR Val-Glu-Arg NR Arg-Ala NR Arg-Asp NR Arg-Cys NR Arg-Gln NR Arg-Glu NR Arg-Gly NR Arg-His NR Arg-Ile NR Arg-Leu NR Arg-Lys NR Arg-Met NR Arg-Phe NR Arg-Pro NR Arg-Ser NR Arg-Thr NR Arg-Trp NR Arg-Tyr NR Arg-Val NR Arg-Glu-Ala NR Arg-Glu-Asn NR Arg-Glu-Asp NR Arg-Glu-Cys NR Arg-Glu-Gln NR Arg-Glu-Glu NR Arg-Glu-Gly NR Arg-Glu-His NR Arg-Glu-Ile NR Arg-Glu-Leu NR Arg-Glu-Lys NR Arg-Glu-Met NR Arg-Glu-Phe NR Arg-Glu-Pro NR Arg-Glu-Ser NR Arg-Glu-Thr NR Arg-Glu-Trp NR Arg-Glu-Tyr NR Arg-Glu-Val NR Ala-Arg-Glu NR Arg-Arg-Glu NR Asn-Arg-Glu NR Asp-Arg-Glu NR Cys-Arg-Glu NR Gln-Arg-Glu NR Glu-Arg-Glu NR Gly-Arg-Glu NR His-Arg-Glu NR Ile-Arg-Glu NR Leu-Arg-Glu NR Lys-Arg-Glu NR Met-Arg-Glu NR Phe-Arg-Glu NR Pro-Arg-Glu NR Ser-Arg-Glu NR Thr-Arg-Glu NR Trp-Arg-Glu NR Tyr-Arg-Glu NR Val-Arg-Glu NR Glu-Arg-Ala, NR Glu-Arg-Arg NR Glu-Arg-Asn NR Glu-Arg-Asp NR Glu-Arg-Cys NR Glu-Arg-Gln NR Glu-Arg-Gly NR Glu-Arg-His NR Glu-Arg-IIe NR Glu-Arg-Leu NR Glu-Arg-Lys NR Glu-Arg-Met NR Glu-Arg-Phe NR Glu-Arg-Pro NR Glu-Arg-Ser NR Glu-Arg-Thr NR Glu-Arg-Trp NR Glu-Arg-Tyr NR Glu-Arg-Val NR

TABLE 20 Additional Exemplary Pharmacologically Active Peptides SEQ ID Sequence/structure NO: Activity VEPNCDIHVMWEWECFERL 1027 VEGF-antagonist GERWCFDGPLTWVCGEES 398 VEGF-antagonist RGWVEICVADDNGMCVTEAQ 1085 VEGF-antagonist GWDECDVARMWEWECFAGV 1086 VEGF-antagonist GERWCFDGPRAWVCGWEI 501 VEGF-antagonist EELWCFDGPRAWVCGYVK 502 VEGF-antagonist RGWVEICAADDYGRCLTEAQ 1031 VEGF-antagonist RGWVEICESDVWGRCL 1087 VEGF-antagonist RGWVEICESDVWGRCL 1088 VEGF-antagonist GGNECDIARMWEWECFERL 1089 VEGF-antagonist RGWVEICAADDYGRCL 1090 VEGF-antagonist CTTHWGFTLC 1028 MMP inhibitor CLRSGXGC 1091 MMP inhibitor CXXHWGFXXC 1092 MMP inhibitor CXPXC 1093 MMP inhibitor CRRHWGFEFC 1094 MMP inhibitor STTHWGFTLS 1095 MMP inhibitor CSLHWGFWWC 1096 CTLA4-mimetic GFVCSGIFAVGVGRC 125 CTLA4-mimetic APGVRLGCAVLGRYC 126 CTLA4-mimetic LLGRMK 105 Antiviral (HBV) ICVVQDWGHHRCTAGHMANLTSHASAI 127 C3b antagonist ICVVQDWGHHRCT 128 C3b antagonist CVVQDWGHHAC 129 C3b antagonist STGGFDDVYDWARGVSSALTTTLVATR 185 Vinculin-binding STGGFDDVYDWARRVSSALTTTLVATR 186 Vinculin-binding SRGVNFSEWLYDMSAAMKEASNVFPSRRSR 187 Vinculin-binding SSQNWDMEAGVEDLTAAMLGLLSTIHSSSR 188 Vinculin-binding SSPSLYTQFLVNYESAATRIQDLLIASRPSR 189 Vinculin-binding SSTGWVDLLGALQRAADATRTSIPPSLQNSR 190 Vinculin-binding DVYTKKELIECARRVSEK 191 Vinculin-binding EKGSYYPGSGIAQFHIDYNNVS 192 C4BP-binding SGIAQFHIDYNNVSSAEGWHVN 193 C4BP-binding LVTVEKGSYYPGSGIAQFHIDYNNVSSAEGWHVN 194 C4BP-binding SGIAQFHIDYNNVS 195 C4BP-binding LLGRMK 279 anti-HBV ALLGRMKG 280 anti-HBV LDPAFR 281 anti-HBV CXXRGDC 322 Inhibition of platelet aggregation RPLPPLP 323 Src antagonist PPVPPR 324 Src antagonist XFXDXWXXLXX 325 Anti-cancer (particularly for sarcomas) KACRRLFGPVDSEQLSRDCD 326 p16-mimetic RERWNFDFVTETPLEGDFAW 327 p16-mimetic KRRQTSMTDFYHSKRRLIFS 328 p16-mimetic TSMTDFYHSKRRLIFSKRKP 329 p16-mimetic RRLIF 330 p16-mimetic KRRQTSATDFYHSKRRLIFSRQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK 331 p16-mimetic KRRLIFSKRQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK 332 p16-mimetic Asn Gln Gly Arg His Phe Cys Gly Gly Ala Leu Ile His Ala 498 CAP37 mimetic/LPS Arg Phe Val Met Thr Ala Ala Ser Cys Phe Gln binding Arg His Phe Cys Gly Gly Ala Leu Ile His Ala Arg Phe Val 499 CAP37 mimetic/LPS Met Thr Ala Ala Ser Cys binding Gly Thr Arg Cys Gln Val Ala Gly Trp Gly Ser Gln Arg Ser 500 CAP37 mimetic/LPS Gly Gly Arg Leu Ser Arg Phe Pro Arg Phe Val Asn Val binding WHWRHRIPLQLAAGR 1097 carbohydrate (GD1 alpha) mimetic LKTPRV 1098 β2GPI Ab binding NTLKTPRV 1099 β2GPI Ab binding NTLKTPRVGGC 1100 β2GPI Ab binding KDKATF 1101 β2GPI Ab binding KDKATFGCHD 1102 β2GPI Ab binding KDKATFGCHDGC 1103 β2GPI Ab binding TLRVYK 1104 β2GPI Ab binding ATLRVYKGG 1105 β2GPI Ab binding CATLRVYKGG 1106 β2GPI Ab binding INLKALAALAKKIL 1107 Membrane- transporting GWT NR Membrane- transporting GWTLNSAGYLLG 1108 Membrane- transporting GWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL 1109 Membrane- transporting

The present invention is also particularly useful with peptides having activity in treatment of:

-   cancer, wherein the peptide is a VEGF-mimetic or a VEGF receptor     antagonist, a HER2 agonist or antagonist, a CD20 antagonist and the     like; -   asthma, wherein the protein of interest is a CKR3 antagonist, an     IL-5 receptor antagonist, and the like; -   thrombosis, wherein the protein of interest is a GPIIb antagonist, a     GPIIIa antagonist, and the like; -   autoimmune diseases and other conditions involving immune     modulation, wherein the protein of interest is an IL-2 receptor     antagonist, a CD40 agonist or antagonist, a CD40L agonist or     antagonist, a thymopoietin mimetic and the like.

Vehicles. This invention requires the presence of at least one vehicle (F¹, F²) attached to a peptide through the N-terminus, C-terminus or a sidechain of one of the amino acid residues. Multiple vehicles may also be used; e.g., Fc's at each terminus or an Fc at a terminus and a PEG group at the other terminus or a sidechain.

An Fc domain is the preferred vehicle. The Fc domain may be fused to the N or C termini of the peptides or at both the N and C termini. For the TPO-mimetic peptides, molecules having the Fc domain fused to the N terminus of the peptide portion of the molecule are more bioactive than other such fusions, so fusion to the N terminus is preferred.

As noted above, Fc variants are suitable vehicles within the scope of this invention. A native Fc may be extensively modified to form an Fc variant in accordance with this invention, provided binding to the salvage receptor is maintained; see, for example WO 97/34631 and WO 96/32478. In such Fc variants, one may remove one or more sites of a native Fc that provide structural features or functional activity not required by the fusion molecules of this invention. One may remove these sites by, for example, substituting or deleting residues, inserting residues into the site, or truncating portions containing the site. The inserted or substituted residues may also be altered amino acids, such as peptidomimetics or D-amino acids. Fc variants may be desirable for a number of reasons, several of which are described below. Exemplary Fc variants include molecules and sequences in which:

-   1. Sites involved in disulfide bond formation are removed. Such     removal may avoid reaction with other cysteine-containing proteins     present in the host cell used to produce the molecules of the     invention. For this purpose, the cysteine-containing segment at the     N-terminus may be truncated or cysteine residues may be deleted or     substituted with other amino acids (e.g., alanyl, seryl). In     particular, one may truncate the N-terminal 20-amino acid segment of     SEQ ID NO: 2 or delete or substitute the cysteine residues at     positions 7 and 10 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Even when cysteine residues are     removed, the single chain Fc domains can still form a dimeric Fc     domain that is held together non-covalently. -   2. A native Fc is modified to make it more compatible with a     selected host cell. For example, one may remove the PA sequence near     the N-terminus of a typical native Fc, which may be recognized by a     digestive enzyme in E. coli such as proline iminopeptidase. One may     also add an N-terminal methionine residue, especially when the     molecule is expressed recombinantly in a bacterial cell such as E.     coli. The Fc domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 (FIG. 4) is one such Fc variant. -   3. A portion of the N-terminus of a native Fc is removed to prevent     N-terminal heterogeneity when expressed in a selected host cell. For     this purpose, one may delete any of the first 20 amino acid residues     at the N-terminus, particularly those at positions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. -   4. One or more glycosylation sites are removed. Residues that are     typically glycosylated (e.g., asparagine) may confer cytolytic     response. Such residues may be deleted or substituted with     unglycosylated residues (e.g., alanine). -   5. Sites involved in interaction with complement, such as the C1q     binding site, are removed. For example, one may delete or substitute     the EKK sequence of human IgG1. Complement recruitment may not be     advantageous for the molecules of this invention and so may be     avoided with such an Fc variant. -   6. Sites are removed that affect binding to Fc receptors other than     a salvage receptor. A native Fc may have sites for interaction with     certain white blood cells that are not required for the fusion     molecules of the present invention and so may be removed. -   7. The ADCC site is removed. ADCC sites are known in the art; see,     for example, Molec. Immunol. 29 (5): 633–9 (1992) with regard to     ADCC sites in IgG1. These sites, as well, are not required for the     fusion molecules of the present invention and so may be removed. -   8. When the native Fc is derived from a non-human antibody, the     native Fc may be humanized. Typically, to humanize a native Fc, one     will substitute selected residues in the non-human native Fc with     residues that are normally found in human native Fc. Techniques for     antibody humanization are well known in the art.

Preferred Fc variants include the following. In SEQ ID NO: 2 (FIG. 4) the leucine at position 15 may be substituted with glutamate; the glutamate at position 99, with alanine; and the lysines at positions 101 and 103, with alanines. In addition, one or more tyrosine residues can be replaced by phenyalanine residues.

An alternative vehicle would be a protein, polypeptide, peptide, antibody, antibody fragment, or small molecule (e.g., a peptidomimetic compound) capable of binding to a salvage receptor. For example, one could use as a vehicle a polypeptide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277, issued Apr. 14, 1998 to Presta et al. Peptides could also be selected by phage display for binding to the FcRn salvage receptor. Such salvage receptor-binding compounds are also included within the meaning of “vehicle” and are within the scope of this invention. Such vehicles should be selected for increased half-life (e.g., by avoiding sequences recognized by proteases) and decreased immunogenicity (e.g., by favoring non-immunogenic sequences, as discovered in antibody humanization).

As noted above, polymer vehicles may also be used for F¹ and F². Various means for attaching chemical moieties useful as vehicles are currently available, see e.g., Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) International Publication No. WO 96/11953, entitled “N-Terminally Chemically Modified Protein Compositions and Methods,” herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This PCT publication discloses, among other things, the selective attachment of water soluble polymers to the N-terminus of proteins.

A preferred polymer vehicle is polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG group may be of any convenient molecular weight and may be linear or branched. The average molecular weight of the PEG will preferably range from about 2 kiloDalton (“kD”) to about 100 kDa, more preferably from about 5 kDa to about 50 kDa, most preferably from about 5 kDa to about 10 kDa. The PEG groups will generally be attached to the compounds of the invention via acylation or reductive alkylation through a reactive group on the PEG moiety (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, thiol, or ester group) to a reactive group on the inventive compound (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, or ester group).

A useful strategy for the PEGylation of synthetic peptides consists of combining, through forming a conjugate linkage in solution, a peptide and a PEG moiety, each bearing a special functionality that is mutually reactive toward the other. The peptides can be easily prepared with conventional solid phase synthesis (see, for example, FIGS. 5 and 6 and the accompanying text herein). The peptides are “preactivated” with an appropriate functional group at a specific site. The precursors are purified and fully characterized prior to reacting with the PEG moiety. Ligation of the peptide with PEG usually takes place in aqueous phase and can be easily monitored by reverse phase analytical HPLC. The PEGylated peptides can be easily purified by preparative HPLC and characterized by analytical HPLC, amino acid analysis and laser desorption mass spectrometry.

Polysaccharide polymers are another type of water soluble polymer which may be used for protein modification. Dextrans are polysaccharide polymers comprised of individual subunits of glucose predominantly linked by α1–6 linkages. The dextran itself is available in many molecular weight ranges, and is readily available in molecular weights from about 1 kD to about 70 kD. Dextran is a suitable water soluble polymer for use in the present invention as a vehicle by itself or in combination with another vehicle (e.g., Fc). See, for example, WO 96/11953 and WO 96/05309. The use of dextran conjugated to therapeutic or diagnostic immunoglobulins has been reported; see, for example, European Patent Publication No. 0 315 456, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Dextran of about 1 kD to about 20 kD is preferred when dextran is used as a vehicle in accordance with the present invention.

Linkers. Any “linker” group is optional. When present, its chemical structure is not critical, since it serves primarily as a spacer. The linker is preferably made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the linker is made up of from 1 to 20 amino acids linked by peptide bonds, wherein the amino acids are selected from the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Some of these amino acids may be glycosylated, as is well understood by those in the art. In a more preferred embodiment, the 1 to 20 amino acids are selected from glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, and lysine. Even more preferably, a linker is made up of a majority of amino acids that are sterically unhindered, such as glycine and alanine. Thus, preferred linkers are polyglycines (particularly (Gly)₄, (Gly)₅), poly(Gly-Ala), and polyalanines. Other specific examples of linkers are:

(Gly)₃Lys(Gly)₄; (SEQ ID NO:333) (Gly)₃AsnGlySer(Gly)₂; (SEQ ID NO:334) (Gly)₃Cys(Gly)₄; and (SEQ ID NO:335) GlyProAsnGlyGly. (SEQ ID NO:336) To explain the above nomenclature, for example, (Gly)₃Lys(Gly)₄ means Gly-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly. Combinations of Gly and Ala are also preferred. The linkers shown here are exemplary; linkers within the scope of this invention may be much longer and may include other residues.

Non-peptide linkers are also possible. For example, alkyl linkers such as —NH—(CH₂)_(s)—C(O)—, wherein s=2–20 could be used. These alkyl linkers may further be substituted by any non-sterically hindering group such as lower alkyl (e.g., C₁–C₆) lower acyl, halogen (e.g., Cl, Br), CN, NH₂, phenyl, etc. An exemplary non-peptide linker is a PEG linker,

wherein n is such that the linker has a molecular weight of 100 to 5000 kD, preferably 100 to 500 kD. The peptide linkers may be altered to form derivatives in the same manner as described above.

Derivatives. The inventors also contemplate derivatizing the peptide and/or vehicle portion of the compounds. Such derivatives may improve the solubility, absorption, biological half life, and the like of the compounds. The moieties may alternatively eliminate or attenuate any undesirable side-effect of the compounds and the like. Exemplary derivatives include compounds in which:

-   1. The compound or some portion thereof is cyclic. For example, the     peptide portion may be modified to contain two or more Cys residues     (e.g., in the linker), which could cyclize by disulfide bond     formation. For citations to references on preparation of cyclized     derivatives, see Table 2. -   2. The compound is cross-linked or is rendered capable of     cross-linking between molecules. For example, the peptide portion     may be modified to contain one Cys residue and thereby be able to     form an intermolecular disulfide bond with a like molecule. The     compound may also be cross-linked through its C-terminus, as in the     molecule shown below. 3.

-   4. One or more peptidyl [—C(O)NR—] linkages (bonds) is replaced by a     non-peptidyl linkage. Exemplary non-peptidyl linkages are     —CH₂-carbamate [—CH₂—OC(O)NR—], phosphonate, —CH₂-sulfonamide     [—CH₂—S(O)₂NR—], urea [—NHC(O)NH—], —CH₂-secondary amine, and     alkylated peptide [—C(O)NR⁶— wherein R⁶ is lower alkyl]. -   5. The N-terminus is derivatized. Typically, the N-terminus may be     acylated or modified to a substituted amine. Exemplary N-terminal     derivative groups include —NRR¹ (other than —NH₂), —NRC(O)R¹,     —NRC(O)OR¹, —NRS(O)₂R¹, —NHC(O)NHR¹, succinimide, or     benzyloxycarbonyl-NH— (CBZ-NH—), wherein R and R¹ are each     independently hydrogen or lower alkyl and wherein the phenyl ring     may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group     consisting of C₁–C₄ alkyl, C₁–C₄ alkoxy, chloro, and bromo. -   6. The free C-terminus is derivatized. Typically, the C-terminus is     esterified or amidated. For example, one may use methods described     in the art to add (NH—CH₂—CH₂—NH₂)₂ to compounds of this invention     having any of SEQ ID NOS: 504 to 508 at the C-terminus. Likewise,     one may use methods described in the art to add —NH₂ to compounds of     this invention having any of SEQ ID NOS: 924 to 955, 963 to 972,     1005 to 1013, or 1018 to 1023 at the C-terminus. Exemplary     C-terminal derivative groups include, for example, —C(O)R² wherein     R² is lower alkoxy or —NR³R⁴ wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently     hydrogen or C₁–C₈ alkyl (preferably C₁–C₄ alkyl). -   7. A disulfide bond is replaced with another, preferably more     stable, cross-linking moiety (e.g., an alkylene). See, e.g.,     Bhatnagar et al. (1996), J. Med. Chem. 39: 3814–9; Alberts et     al. (1993) Thirteenth Am. Pep. Symp., 357–9. -   8. One or more individual amino acid residues is modified. Various     derivatizing agents are known to react specifically with selected     sidechains or terminal residues, as described in detail below.

Lysinyl residues and amino terminal residues may be reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides, which reverse the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing alpha-amino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; O-methylisourea; 2,4 pentanedione; and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.

Arginyl residues may be modified by reaction with any one or combination of several conventional reagents, including phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginyl residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pKa of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino group.

Specific modification of tyrosyl residues has been studied extensively, with particular interest in introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. Most commonly, N-acetylimidizole and tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively.

Carboxyl sidechain groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) may be selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R′—N═C═N—R′) such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl) carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide. Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues may be converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.

Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues may be deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues. Alternatively, these residues are deamidated under mildly acidic conditions. Either form of these residues falls within the scope of this invention.

Cysteinyl residues can be replaced by amino acid residues or other moieties either to eliminate disulfide bonding or, conversely, to stabilize cross-linking. See, e.g., Bhatnagar et al. (1996), J. Med. Chem. 39: 3814–9.

Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful for cross-linking the peptides or their functional derivatives to a water-insoluble support matrix or to other macromolecular vehicles. Commonly used cross-linking agents include, e.g., 1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as 3,3′-dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), and bifunctional maleimides such as bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane. Derivatizing agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate yield photoactivatable intermediates that are capable of forming crosslinks in the presence of light. Alternatively, reactive water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogen bromide-activated carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,969,287; 3,691,016; 4,195,128; 4,247,642; 4,229,537; and 4,330,440 are employed for protein immobilization.

Carbohydrate (oligosaccharide) groups may conveniently be attached to sites that are known to be glycosylation sites in proteins. Generally, O-linked oligosaccharides are attached to serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residues while N-linked oligosaccharides are attached to asparagine (Asn) residues when they are part of the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X can be any amino acid except proline. X is preferably one of the 19 naturally occurring amino acids other than proline. The structures of N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and the sugar residues found in each type are different. One type of sugar that is commonly found on both is N-acetylneuraminic acid (referred to as sialic acid). Sialic acid is usually the terminal residue of both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and, by virtue of its negative charge, may confer acidic properties to the glycosylated compound. Such site(s) may be incorporated in the linker of the compounds of this invention and are preferably glycosylated by a cell during recombinant production of the polypeptide compounds (e.g., in mammalian cells such as CHO, BHK, COS). However, such sites may further be glycosylated by synthetic or semi-synthetic procedures known in the art.

Other possible modifications include hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues, oxidation of the sulfur atom in Cys, methylation of the alpha-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains. Creighton, Proteins: Structure and Molecule Properties (W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco), pp. 79–86 (1983).

Compounds of the present invention may be changed at the DNA level, as well. The DNA sequence of any portion of the compound may be changed to codons more compatible with the chosen host cell. For E. coli, which is the preferred host cell, optimized codons are known in the art. Codons may be substituted to eliminate restriction sites or to include silent restriction sites, which may aid in processing of the DNA in the selected host cell. The vehicle, linker and peptide DNA sequences may be modified to include any of the foregoing sequence changes.

Methods of Making

The compounds of this invention largely may be made in transformed host cells using recombinant DNA techniques. To do so, a recombinant DNA molecule coding for the peptide is prepared. Methods of preparing such DNA molecules are well known in the art. For instance, sequences coding for the peptides could be excised from DNA using suitable restriction enzymes. Alternatively, the DNA molecule could be synthesized using chemical synthesis techniques, such as the phosphoramidate method. Also, a combination of these techniques could be used.

The invention also includes a vector capable of expressing the peptides in an appropriate host. The vector comprises the DNA molecule that codes for the peptides operatively linked to appropriate expression control sequences. Methods of effecting this operative linking, either before or after the DNA molecule is inserted into the vector, are well known. Expression control sequences include promoters, activators, enhancers, operators, ribosomal binding sites, start signals, stop signals, cap signals, polyadenylation signals, and other signals involved with the control of transcription or translation.

The resulting vector having the DNA molecule thereon is used to transform an appropriate host. This transformation may be performed using methods well known in the art.

Any of a large number of available and well-known host cells may be used in the practice of this invention. The selection of a particular host is dependent upon a number of factors recognized by the art. These include, for example, compatibility with the chosen expression vector, toxicity of the peptides encoded by the DNA molecule, rate of transformation, ease of recovery of the peptides, expression characteristics, bio-safety and costs. A balance of these factors must be struck with the understanding that not all hosts may be equally effective for the expression of a particular DNA sequence. Within these general guidelines, useful microbial hosts include bacteria (such as E. coli sp.), yeast (such as Saccharomyces sp.) and other fungi, insects, plants, mammalian (including human) cells in culture, or other hosts known in the art.

Next, the transformed host is cultured and purified. Host cells may be cultured under conventional fermentation conditions so that the desired compounds are expressed. Such fermentation conditions are well known in the art. Finally, the peptides are purified from culture by methods well known in the art.

The compounds may also be made by synthetic methods. For example, solid phase synthesis techniques may be used. Suitable techniques are well known in the art, and include those described in Merrifield (1973), Chem. Polypeptides, pp. 335–61 (Katsoyannis and Panayotis eds.); Merrifield (1963), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149; Davis et al. (1985), Biochem. Intl. 10: 394–414; Stewart and Young (1969), Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis; U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,763; Finn et al. (1976), The Proteins (3rd ed.) 2: 105–253; and Erickson et al. (1976), The Proteins (3rd ed.) 2: 257–527. Solid phase synthesis is the preferred technique of making individual peptides since it is the most cost-effective method of making small peptides.

Compounds that contain derivatized peptides or which contain non-peptide groups may be synthesized by well-known organic chemistry techniques.

Uses of the Compounds

In general. The compounds of this invention have pharmacologic activity resulting from their ability to bind to proteins of interest as agonists, mimetics or antagonists of the native ligands of such proteins of interest. The utility of specific compounds is shown in Table 2. The activity of these compounds can be measured by assays known in the art. For the TPO-mimetic and EPO-mimetic compounds, in vivo assays are further described in the Examples section herein.

In addition to therapeutic uses, the compounds of the present invention are useful in diagnosing diseases characterized by dysfunction of their associated protein of interest. In one embodiment, a method of detecting in a biological sample a protein of interest (e.g., a receptor) that is capable of being activated comprising the steps of: (a) contacting the sample with a compound of this invention; and (b) detecting activation of the protein of interest by the compound. The biological samples include tissue specimens, intact cells, or extracts thereof. The compounds of this invention may be used as part of a diagnostic kit to detect the presence of their associated proteins of interest in a biological sample. Such kits employ the compounds of the invention having an attached label to allow for detection. The compounds are useful for identifying normal or abnormal proteins of interest. For the EPO-mimetic compounds, for example, presence of abnormal protein of interest in a biological sample may be indicative of such disorders as Diamond Blackfan anemia, where it is believed that the EPO receptor is dysfunctional.

Therapeutic uses of EPO-mimetic compounds. The EPO-mimetic compounds of the invention are useful for treating disorders characterized by low red blood cell levels. Included in the invention are methods of modulating the endogenous activity of an EPO receptor in a mammal, preferably methods of increasing the activity of an EPO receptor. In general, any condition treatable by erythropoietin, such as anemia, may also be treated by the EPO-mimetic compounds of the invention. These compounds are administered by an amount and route of delivery that is appropriate for the nature and severity of the condition being treated and may be ascertained by one skilled in the art. Preferably, administration is by injection, either subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous.

Therapeutic uses of TPO-mimetic compounds. For the TPO-mimetic compounds, one can utilize such standard assays as those described in WO95/26746 entitled “Compositions and Methods for Stimulating Megakaryocyte Growth and Differentiation”. In vivo assays also appear in the Examples hereinafter.

The conditions to be treated are generally those that involve an existing megakaryocyte/platelet deficiency or an expected megakaryocyte/platelet deficiency (e.g., because of planned surgery or platelet donation). Such conditions will usually be the result of a deficiency (temporary or permanent) of active Mpl ligand in vivo. The generic term for platelet deficiency is thrombocytopenia, and hence the methods and compositions of the present invention are generally available for treating thrombocytopenia in patients in need thereof.

Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiencies) may be present for various reasons, including chemotherapy and other therapy with a variety of drugs, radiation therapy, surgery, accidental blood loss, and other specific disease conditions. Exemplary specific disease conditions that involve thrombocytopenia and may be treated in accordance with this invention are: aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, metastatic tumors which result in thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, splenomegaly, Fanconi's syndrome, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, May-Hegglin anomaly, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Also, certain treatments for AIDS result in thrombocytopenia (e.g., AZT). Certain wound healing disorders might also benefit from an increase in platelet numbers.

With regard to anticipated platelet deficiencies, e.g., due to future surgery, a compound of the present invention could be administered several days to several hours prior to the need for platelets. With regard to acute situations, e.g., accidental and massive blood loss, a compound of this invention could be administered along with blood or purified platelets.

The TPO-mimetic compounds of this invention may also be useful in stimulating certain cell types other than megakaryocytes if such cells are found to express Mpl receptor. Conditions associated with such cells that express the Mpl receptor, which are responsive to stimulation by the Mpl ligand, are also within the scope of this invention.

The TPO-mimetic compounds of this invention may be used in any situation in which production of platelets or platelet precursor cells is desired, or in which stimulation of the c-Mpl receptor is desired. Thus, for example, the compounds of this invention may be used to treat any condition in a mammal wherein there is a need of platelets, megakaryocytes, and the like. Such conditions are described in detail in the following exemplary sources: WO95/26746; WO95/21919; WO95/18858; WO95/21920 and are incorporated herein.

The TPO-mimetic compounds of this invention may also be useful in maintaining the viability or storage life of platelets and/or megakaryocytes and related cells. Accordingly, it could be useful to include an effective amount of one or more such compounds in a composition containing such cells.

The therapeutic methods, compositions and compounds of the present invention may also be employed, alone or in combination with other cytokines, soluble Mpl receptor, hematopoietic factors, interleukins, growth factors or antibodies in the treatment of disease states characterized by other symptoms as well as platelet deficiencies. It is anticipated that the inventive compound will prove useful in treating some forms of thrombocytopenia in combination with general stimulators of hematopoiesis, such as IL-3 or GM-CSF. Other megakaryocytic stimulatory factors, i.e., meg-CSF, stem cell factor (SCF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), or other molecules with megakaryocyte stimulating activity may also be employed with Mpl ligand. Additional exemplary cytokines or hematopoietic factors for such co-administration include IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-11, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), SCF, GM-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), EPO, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), consensus interferon, IFN-beta, or IFN-gamma. It may further be useful to administer, either simultaneously or sequentially, an effective amount of a soluble mammalian Mpl receptor, which appears to have an effect of causing megakaryocytes to fragment into platelets once the megakaryocytes have reached mature form. Thus, administration of an inventive compound (to enhance the number of mature megakaryocytes) followed by administration of the soluble Mpl receptor (to inactivate the ligand and allow the mature megakaryocytes to produce platelets) is expected to be a particularly effective means of stimulating platelet production. The dosage recited above would be adjusted to compensate for such additional components in the therapeutic composition. Progress of the treated patient can be monitored by conventional methods.

In cases where the inventive compounds are added to compositions of platelets and/or megakaryocytes and related cells, the amount to be included will generally be ascertained experimentally by techniques and assays known in the art. An exemplary range of amounts is 0.1 μg–1 mg inventive compound per 10⁶ cells.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In General. The present invention also provides methods of using pharmaceutical compositions of the inventive compounds. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be for administration for injection, or for oral, pulmonary, nasal, transdermal or other forms of administration. In general, the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising effective amounts of a compound of the invention together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvants and/or carriers. Such compositions include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength; additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbate 80), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol); incorporation of the material into particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, etc. or into liposomes. Hyaluronic acid may also be used, and this may have the effect of promoting sustained duration in the circulation. Such compositions may influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the present proteins and derivatives. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 18042) pages 1435–1712 which are herein incorporated by reference. The compositions may be prepared in liquid form, or may be in dried powder, such as lyophilized form. Implantable sustained release formulations are also contemplated, as are transdermal formulations.

Oral dosage forms. Contemplated for use herein are oral solid dosage forms, which are described generally in Chapter 89 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990), 18th Ed., Mack Publishing Co. Easton Pa. 18042, which is herein incorporated by reference. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, pills, troches or lozenges, cachets or pellets. Also, liposomal or proteinoid encapsulation may be used to formulate the present compositions (as, for example, proteinoid microspheres reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,673). Liposomal encapsulation may be used and the liposomes may be derivatized with various polymers (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556). A description of possible solid dosage forms for the therapeutic is given in Chapter 10 of Marshall, K., Modern Pharmaceutics (1979), edited by G. S. Banker and C. T. Rhodes, herein incorporated by reference. In general, the formulation will include the inventive compound, and inert ingredients which allow for protection against the stomach environment, and release of the biologically active material in the intestine.

Also specifically contemplated are oral dosage forms of the above inventive compounds. If necessary, the compounds may be chemically modified so that oral delivery is efficacious. Generally, the chemical modification contemplated is the attachment of at least one moiety to the compound molecule itself, where said moiety permits (a) inhibition of proteolysis; and (b) uptake into the blood stream from the stomach or intestine. Also desired is the increase in overall stability of the compound and increase in circulation time in the body. Moieties useful as covalently attached vehicles in this invention may also be used for this purpose. Examples of such moieties include: PEG, copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyproline. See, for example, Abuchowski and Davis, Soluble Polymer-Enzyme Adducts, Enzymes as Drugs (1981), Hocenberg and Roberts, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., pp 367–83; Newmark, et al. (1982), J. Appl. Biochem. 4:185–9. Other polymers that could be used are poly-1,3-dioxolane and poly-1,3,6-tioxocane. Preferred for pharmaceutical usage, as indicated above, are PEG moieties.

For oral delivery dosage forms, it is also possible to use a salt of a modified aliphatic amino acid, such as sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate (SNAC), as a carrier to enhance absorption of the therapeutic compounds of this invention. The clinical efficacy of a heparin formulation using SNAC has been demonstrated in a Phase II trial conducted by Emisphere Technologies. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,451, “Oral drug delivery composition and methods”.

The compounds of this invention can be included in the formulation as fine multiparticulates in the form of granules or pellets of particle size about 1 mm. The formulation of the material for capsule administration could also be as a powder, lightly compressed plugs or even as tablets. The therapeutic could be prepared by compression.

Colorants and flavoring agents may all be included. For example, the protein (or derivative) may be formulated (such as by liposome or microsphere encapsulation) and then further contained within an edible product, such as a refrigerated beverage containing colorants and flavoring agents.

One may dilute or increase the volume of the compound of the invention with an inert material. These diluents could include carbohydrates, especially mannitol, α-lactose, anhydrous lactose, cellulose, sucrose, modified dextrans and starch. Certain inorganic salts may also be used as fillers including calcium triphosphate, magnesium carbonate and sodium chloride. Some commercially available diluents are Fast-Flo, Emdex, STA-Rx 1500, Emcompress and Avicell.

Disintegrants may be included in the formulation of the therapeutic into a solid dosage form. Materials used as disintegrants include but are not limited to starch including the commercial disintegrant based on starch, Explotab. Sodium starch glycolate, Amberlite, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ultramylopectin, sodium alginate, gelatin, orange peel, acid carboxymethyl cellulose, natural sponge and bentonite may all be used. Another form of the disintegrants are the insoluble cationic exchange resins. Powdered gums may be used as disintegrants and as binders and these can include powdered gums such as agar, Karaya or tragacanth. Alginic acid and its sodium salt are also useful as disintegrants.

Binders may be used to hold the therapeutic agent together to form a hard tablet and include materials from natural products such as acacia, tragacanth, starch and gelatin. Others include methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) could both be used in alcoholic solutions to granulate the therapeutic.

An antifrictional agent may be included in the formulation of the therapeutic to prevent sticking during the formulation process. Lubricants may be used as a layer between the therapeutic and the die wall, and these can include but are not limited to; stearic acid including its magnesium and calcium salts, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), liquid paraffin, vegetable oils and waxes. Soluble lubricants may also be used such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights, Carbowax 4000 and 6000.

Glidants that might improve the flow properties of the drug during formulation and to aid rearrangement during compression might be added. The glidants may include starch, talc, pyrogenic silica and hydrated silicoaluminate.

To aid dissolution of the compound of this invention into the aqueous environment a surfactant might be added as a wetting agent. Surfactants may include anionic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate. Cationic detergents might be used and could include benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride. The list of potential nonionic detergents that could be included in the formulation as surfactants are lauromacrogol 400, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 10, 50 and 60, glycerol monostearate, polysorbate 40, 60, 65 and 80, sucrose fatty acid ester, methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. These surfactants could be present in the formulation of the protein or derivative either alone or as a mixture in different ratios.

Additives may also be included in the formulation to enhance uptake of the compound. Additives potentially having this property are for instance the fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

Controlled release formulation may be desirable. The compound of this invention could be incorporated into an inert matrix which permits release by either diffusion or leaching mechanisms e.g., gums. Slowly degenerating matrices may also be incorporated into the formulation, e.g., alginates, polysaccharides. Another form of a controlled release of the compounds of this invention is by a method based on the Oros therapeutic system (Alza Corp.), i.e., the drug is enclosed in a semipermeable membrane which allows water to enter and push drug out through a single small opening due to osmotic effects. Some enteric coatings also have a delayed release effect.

Other coatings may be used for the formulation. These include a variety of sugars which could be applied in a coating pan. The therapeutic agent could also be given in a film coated tablet and the materials used in this instance are divided into 2 groups. The first are the nonenteric materials and include methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylhydroxy-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose, providone and the polyethylene glycols. The second group consists of the enteric materials that are commonly esters of phthalic acid.

A mix of materials might be used to provide the optimum film coating. Film coating may be carried out in a pan coater or in a fluidized bed or by compression coating.

Pulmonary delivery forms. Also contemplated herein is pulmonary delivery of the present protein (or derivatives thereof). The protein (or derivative) is delivered to the lungs of a mammal while inhaling and traverses across the lung epithelial lining to the blood stream. (Other reports of this include Adjei et al., Pharma. Res. (1990) 7: 565–9; Adjei et al. (1990), Internatl. I. Pharmaceutics 63: 135–44 (leuprolide acetate); Braquet et al. (1989), J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13 (suppl. 5): s. 143–146 (endothelin-1); Hubbard et al. (1989), Annals Int. Med. 3: 206–12 (α1-antitrypsin); Smith et al. (1989), J. Clin. Invest. 84: 1145–6 (α1-proteinase); Oswein et al. (March 1990), “Aerosolization of Proteins”, Proc. Symp. Resp. Drug Delivery II, Keystone, Colo. (recombinant human growth hormone); Debs et al. (1988), J. Immunol. 140: 3482–8 (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor α) and Platz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,656 (granulocyte colony stimulating factor).

Contemplated for use in the practice of this invention are a wide range of mechanical devices designed for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic products, including but not limited to nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and powder inhalers, all of which are familiar to those skilled in the art. Some specific examples of commercially available devices suitable for the practice of this invention are the Ultravent nebulizer, manufactured by Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.; the Acorn II nebulizer, manufactured by Marquest Medical Products, Englewood, Colo.; the Ventolin metered dose inhaler, manufactured by Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.; and the Spinhaler powder inhaler, manufactured by Fisons Corp., Bedford, Mass.

All such devices require the use of formulations suitable for the dispensing of the inventive compound. Typically, each formulation is specific to the type of device employed and may involve the use of an appropriate propellant material, in addition to diluents, adjuvants and/or carriers useful in therapy.

The inventive compound should most advantageously be prepared in particulate form with an average particle size of less than 10 μm (or microns), most preferably 0.5 to 5 μm, for most effective delivery to the distal lung.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include carbohydrates such as trehalose, mannitol, xylitol, sucrose, lactose, and sorbitol. Other ingredients for use in formulations may include DPPC, DOPE, DSPC and DOPC. Natural or synthetic surfactants may be used. PEG may be used (even apart from its use in derivatizing the protein or analog). Dextrans, such as cyclodextran, may be used. Bile salts and other related enhancers may be used. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives may be used. Amino acids may be used, such as use in a buffer formulation.

Also, the use of liposomes, microcapsules or microspheres, inclusion complexes, or other types of carriers is contemplated.

Formulations suitable for use with a nebulizer, either jet or ultrasonic, will typically comprise the inventive compound dissolved in water at a concentration of about 0.1 to 25 mg of biologically active protein per mL of solution. The formulation may also include a buffer and a simple sugar (e.g., for protein stabilization and regulation of osmotic pressure). The nebulizer formulation may also contain a surfactant, to reduce or prevent surface induced aggregation of the protein caused by atomization of the solution in forming the aerosol.

Formulations for use with a metered-dose inhaler device will generally comprise a finely divided powder containing the inventive compound suspended in a propellant with the aid of a surfactant. The propellant may be any conventional material employed for this purpose, such as a chlorofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a hydrofluorocarbon, or a hydrocarbon, including trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include sorbitan trioleate and soya lecithin. Oleic acid may also be useful as a surfactant.

Formulations for dispensing from a powder inhaler device will comprise a finely divided dry powder containing the inventive compound and may also include a bulking agent, such as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, mannitol, trehalose, or xylitol in amounts which facilitate dispersal of the powder from the device, e.g., 50 to 90% by weight of the formulation.

Nasal delivery forms. Nasal delivery of the inventive compound is also contemplated. Nasal delivery allows the passage of the protein to the blood stream directly after administering the therapeutic product to the nose, without the necessity for deposition of the product in the lung. Formulations for nasal delivery include those with dextran or cyclodextran. Delivery via transport across other mucous membranes is also contemplated.

Dosages. The dosage regimen involved in a method for treating the above-described conditions will be determined by the attending physician, considering various factors which modify the action of drugs, e.g. the age, condition, body weight, sex and diet of the patient, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. Generally, the daily regimen should be in the range of 0.1–1000 micrograms of the inventive compound per kilogram of body weight, preferably 0.1–150 micrograms per kilogram.

Specific Preferred Embodiments

The inventors have determined preferred peptide sequences for molecules having many different kinds of activity. The inventors have further determined preferred structures of these preferred peptides combined with preferred linkers and vehicles. Preferred structures for these preferred peptides listed in Table 21 below.

TABLE 21 Preferred embodiments SEQ ID Sequence/structure NO: Activity F¹-(G)₅-IEGPTLRQWLAARA-(G)₈-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 337 TPO-mimetic IEGPTLRQWLAARA-(G)₈-IEGPTLRQWLAARA-(G)₅-F¹ 338 TPO-mimetic F¹-(G)₅-IEGPTLRQWLAARA 1032 TPO-mimetic IEGPTLRQWLAARA-(G)₅-F¹ 1033 TPO-mimetic F¹-(G)₅-GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-(G)₄- 339 EPO-mimetic GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-(G)₄- 340 EPO-mimetic GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-(G)₅-F¹ GGTYSCHFGPLTWVCKPQGG-(G)₅-F¹ 1034 EPO-mimetic F¹-(G)₅-DFLPHYKNTSLGHRP 1045 TNF-α inhibitor DFLPHYKNTSLGHRP-(G)₅-F¹ 1046 TNF-α inhibitor F¹-(G)₅-FEWTPGYWQPYALPL 1047 IL-1 R antagonist FEWTPGYWQPYALPL-(G)₅-F¹ 1048 IL-1 R antagonist F¹-(G)₅-VEPNCDIHVMWEWECFERL 1049 VEG F-antagonist VEPNCDIHVMWEWECFERL-(G)₅-F¹ 1050 VEGF-antagonist F¹-(G)₅-CTTHWGFTLC 1051 MMP inhibitor CTTHWGFTLC-(G)₅-F¹ 1052 MMP inhibitor “F¹” is an Fc domain as defined previously herein.

WORKING EXAMPLES

The compounds described above may be prepared as described below. These examples comprise preferred embodiments of the invention and are illustrative rather than limiting.

Example 1 TPO-Mimetics

The following example uses peptides identified by the numbers appearing in Table A hereinafter.

Preparation of peptide 19. Peptide 17b (12 mg) and MeO-PEG-SH 5000 (30 mg, 2 equiv.) were dissolved in 1 ml aqueous buffer (pH 8). The mixture was incubated at RT for about 30 minutes and the reaction was checked by analytical HPLC, which showed a >80% completion of the reaction. The pegylated material was isolated by preparative HPLC.

Preparation of peptide 20. Peptide 18 (14 mg) and MeO-PEG-maleimide (25 mg) were dissolved in about 1.5 ml aqueous buffer (pH 8). The mixture was incubated at RT for about 30 minutes, at which time about 70% transformation was complete as monitored with analytical HPLC by applying an aliquot of sample to the HPLC column. The pegylated material was purified by preparative HPLC.

Bioactivity assay. The TPO in vitro bioassay is a mitogenic assay utilizing an IL-3 dependent clone of murine 32D cells that have been transfected with human mpl receptor. This assay is described in greater detail in WO 95/26746. Cells are maintained in MEM medium containing 10% Fetal Clone II and 1 ng/ml mIL-3. Prior to sample addition, cells are prepared by rinsing twice with growth medium lacking mIL-3. An extended twelve point TPO standard curve is prepared, ranging from 33 to 39 pg/ml. Four dilutions, estimated to fall within the linear portion of the standard curve, (100 to 125 pg/ml), are prepared for each sample and run in triplicate. A volume of 100 μl of each dilution of sample or standard is added to appropriate wells of a 96 well microtiter plate containing 10,000 cells/well. After forty-four hours at 37° C. and 10% CO₂, MTS (a tetrazolium compound which is bioreduced by cells to a formazan) is added to each well. Approximately six hours later, the optical density is read on a plate reader at 490 nm. A dose response curve (log TPO concentration vs. O.D.—Background) is generated and linear regression analysis of points which fall in the linear portion of the standard curve is performed. Concentrations of unknown test samples are determined using the resulting linear equation and a correction for the dilution factor.

TMP tandem repeats with polyglycine linkers. Our design of sequentially linked TMP repeats was based on the assumption that a dimeric form of TMP was required for its effective interaction with c-Mpl (the TPO receptor) and that depending on how they were wound up against each other in the receptor context, the two TMP molecules could be tethered together in the C- to N-terminus configuration in a way that would not perturb the global dimeric conformation. Clearly, the success of the design of tandem linked repeats depends on proper selection of the length and composition of the linker that joins the C- and N-termini of the two sequentially aligned TMP monomers. Since no structural information of the TMP bound to c-Mpl was available, a series of repeated peptides with linkers composed of 0 to 10 and 14 glycine residues (Table A) were synthesized. Glycine was chosen because of its simplicity and flexibility, based on the rationale that a flexible polyglycine peptide chain might allow for the free folding of the two tethered TMP repeats into the required conformation, while other amino acid sequences may adopt undesired secondary structures whose rigidity might disrupt the correct packing of the repeated peptide in the receptor context.

The resulting peptides are readily accessible by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis methods (Merrifield (1963), J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149) with either Fmoc or t-Boc chemistry. Unlike the synthesis of the C-terminally linked parallel dimer which required the use of an orthogonally protected lysine residue as the initial branch point to build the two peptide chains in a pseudosymmetrical way (Cwirla et al. (1997), Science 276: 1696–9), the synthesis of these tandem repeats was a straightforward, stepwise assembly of the continuous peptide chains from the C- to N-terminus. Since dimerization of TMP had a more dramatic effect on the proliferative activity than binding affinity as shown for the C-terminal dimer (Cwirla et al. (1997)), the synthetic peptides were tested directly for biological activity in a TPO-dependent cell-proliferation assay using an IL-3 dependent clone of murine 32D cells transfected with the full-length c-Mpl (Palacios et al.,. Cell 41:727 (1985)). As the test results showed, all the polyglycine linked tandem repeats demonstrated >1000 fold increases in potency as compared to the monomer, and were even more potent than the C-terminal dimer in this cell proliferation assay. The absolute activity of the C-terminal dimer in our assay was lower than that of the native TPO protein, which is different from the previously reported findings in which the C-terminal dimer was found to be as active as the natural ligand (Cwirla et al. (1997)). This might be due to differences in the conditions used in the two assays. Nevertheless, the difference in activity between tandem (C terminal of first monomer linked to N terminal of second monomer) and C-terminal (C terminal of first monomer linked to C terminal of second monomer; also referred to as parallel) dimers in the same assay clearly demonstrated the superiority of tandem repeat strategy over parallel peptide dimerization. It is interesting to note that a wide range of length is tolerated by the linker. The optimal linker between tandem peptides with the selected TMP monomers apparently is composed of 8 glycines.

Other tandem repeats. Subsequent to this first series of TMP tandem repeats, several other molecules were designed either with different linkers or containing modifications within the monomer itself.

The first of these molecules, peptide 13, has a linker composed of GPNG, a sequence known to have a high propensity to form a β-turn-type secondary structure. Although still about 100-fold more potent than the monomer, this peptide was found to be >10-fold less active than the equivalent GGGG-linked analog. Thus, introduction of a relatively rigid β-turn at the linker region seemed to have caused a slight distortion of the optimal agonist conformation in this short linker form.

The Trp9 in the TMP sequence is a highly conserved residue among the active peptides isolated from random peptide libraries. There is also a highly conserved Trp in the consensus sequences of EPO mimetic peptides and this Trp residue was found to be involved in the formation of a hydrophobic core between the two EMPs and contributed to hydrophobic interactions with the EPO receptor. Livnah et al. (1996), Science 273: 464–71). By analogy, the Trp9 residue in TMP might have a similar function in dimerization of the peptide ligand, and as an attempt to modulate and estimate the effects of noncovalent hydrophobic forces exerted by the two indole rings, several analogs were made resulting from mutations at the Trp. So in peptide 14, the Trp residue was replaced in each of the two TMP monomers with a Cys, and an intramolecular disulfide bond was formed between the two cysteines by oxidation which was envisioned to mimic the hydrophobic interactions between the two Trp residues in peptide dimerization. Peptide 15 is the reduced form of peptide 14. In peptide 16, the two Trp residues were replaced by Ala. As the assay data show, all three analogs were inactive. These data further demonstrated that Trp is critical for the activity of the TPO mimetic peptide, not just for dimer formation.

The next two peptides (peptide 17a, and 18) each contain in their 8-amino acid linker a Lys or Cys residue. These two compounds are precursors to the two PEGylated peptides (peptide 19 and 20) in which the side chain of the Lys or Cys is modified by a PEG moiety. A PEG moiety was introduced at the middle of a relatively long linker, so that the large PEG component (5 kDa) is far enough away from the critical binding sites in the peptide molecule. PEG is a known biocompatible polymer which is increasingly used as a covalent modifier to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics.

A modular, solution-based method was devised for convenient PEGylation of synthetic or recombinant peptides. The method is based on the now well established chemoselective ligation strategy which utilizes the specific reaction between a pair of mutually reactive functionalities. So, for pegylated peptide 19, the lysine side chain was preactivated with a bromoacetyl group to give peptide 17b to accommodate reaction with a thiol-derivatized PEG. To do that, an orthogonal protecting group, Dde, was employed for the protection of the lysine ε-amine. Once the whole peptide chain was assembled, the N-terminal amine was reprotected with t-Boc. Dde was then removed to allow for the bromoacetylation. This strategy gave a high quality crude peptide which was easily purified using conventional reverse phase HPLC. Ligation of the peptide with the thiol-modified PEG took place in aqueous buffer at pH 8 and the reaction completed within 30 minutes. MALDI-MS analysis of the purified, pegylated material revealed a characteristic, bell-shaped spectrum with an increment of 44 Da between the adjacent peaks. For PEG-peptide 20, a cysteine residue was placed in the linker region and its side chain thiol group would serve as an attachment site for a maleimide-containing PEG. Similar conditions were used for the pegylation of this peptide. As the assay data revealed, these two pegylated peptides had even higher in vitro bioactivity as compared to their unpegylated counterparts.

Peptide 21 has in its 8-amino acid linker a potential glycosylation motif, NGS. Since our exemplary tandem repeats are made up of natural amino acids linked by peptide bonds, expression of such a molecule in an appropriate eukaryotic cell system should produce a glycopeptide with the carbohydrate moiety added on the side chain carboxyamide of Asn. Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification process which can have many positive impacts on the biological activity of a given protein by increasing its aqueous solubility and in vivo stability. As the assay data show, incorporation of this glycosylation motif into the linker maintained high bioactivity. The synthetic precursor of the potential glycopeptide had in effect an activity comparable to that of the -(G)₈-linked analog. Once glycosylated, this peptide is expected to have the same order of activity as the pegylated peptides, because of the similar chemophysical properties exhibited by a PEG and a carbohydrate moiety. The last peptide is a dimer of a tandem repeat. It was prepared by oxidizing peptide 18, which formed an intermolecular disulfide bond between the two cysteine residues located at the linker. This peptide was designed to address the possibility that TMP was active as a tetramer. The assay data showed that this peptide was not more active than an average tandem repeat on an adjusted molar basis, which indirectly supports the idea that the active form of TMP is indeed a dimer, otherwise dimerization of a tandem repeat would have a further impact on the bioactivity.

In order to confirm the in vitro data in animals, one pegylated TMP tandem repeat (compound 20 in Table A) was delivered subcutaneously to normal mice via osmotic pumps. Time and dose-dependent increases were seen in platelet numbers for the duration of treatment. Peak platelet levels over 4-fold baseline were seen on day 8. A dose of 10 μg/kg/day of the pegylated TMP repeat produced a similar response to rHuMGDF (non-pegylated) at 100 μg/kg/day delivered by the same route.

TABLE A TPO-mimetic Peptides Peptide SEQ ID Relative No. Compound NO: Potency TPO ++++ TMP monomer 13 + TMP C-C dimer +++− TMP-(G)_(n)-TMP: 1 n = 0 341 ++++− 2 n = 1 342 ++++ 3 n = 2 343 ++++ 4 n = 3 344 ++++ 5 n = 4 345 ++++ 6 n = 5 346 ++++ 7 n = 6 347 ++++ 8 n = 7 348 ++++ 9 n = 8 349 ++++− 10 n = 9 350 ++++ 11 n = 10 351 ++++ 12 n = 14 352 ++++ 13 TMP-GPNG-TMP 353 +++ 14 IEGPTLRQCLAARA-GGGGGGGG-IEGPTLRQCLAARA 354 −         |                       | (cyclic) 15 IEGPTLRQCLAARA-GGGGGGGG- 355 − IEGPTLRQCLAARA (linear) 16 IEGPTLRQALAARA-GGGGGGGG- 356 − IEGPTLRQALAARA 17a TMP-GGGKGGGG-TMP 357 ++++ 17b TMP-GGGK(BrAc)GGGG-TMP 358 ND 18 TMP-GGGCGGGG-TMP 359 ++++ 19 TMP-GGGK(PEG)GGGG-TMP 360 +++++ 20 TMP-GGGC(PEG)GGGG-TMP 361 ++++ 21 TMP-GGGN*GSGG-TMP 362 ++++ 22 TMP-GGGCGGGG-TMP 363 ++++        | TMP-GGGCGGGG-TMP 363

Discussion. It is well accepted that MGDF acts in a way similar to hGH, i.e., one molecule of the protein ligand binds two molecules of the receptor for its activation. Wells et al. (1996), Ann. Rev. Biochem. 65: 609–34. Now, this interaction is mimicked by the action of a much smaller peptide, TMP. However, the present studies suggest that this mimicry requires the concerted action of two TMP molecules, as covalent dimerization of TMP in either a C—C parallel or C—N sequential fashion increased the in vitro biological potency of the original monomer by a factor of greater than 10³. The relatively low biopotency of the monomer is probably due to inefficient formation of the noncovalent dimer. A preformed covalent repeat has the ability to eliminate the entropy barrier for the formation of a noncovalent dimer which is exclusively driven by weak, noncovalent interactions between two molecules of the small, 14-residue peptide.

It is intriguing that this tandem repeat approach had a similar effect on enhancing bioactivity as the reported C—C dimerization is intriguing.

These two strategies brought about two very different molecular configurations. The C—C dimer is a quasi-symmetrical molecule, while the tandem repeats have no such symmetry in their linear structures. Despite this difference in their primary structures, these two types of molecules appeared able to fold effectively into a similar biologically active conformation and cause the dimerization and activation of c-Mpl. These experimental observations provide a number of insights into how the two TMP molecules may interact with one another in binding to c-Mpl. First, the two C-termini of the two bound TMP molecules must be in relatively close proximity with each other, as suggested by data on the C-terminal dimer. Second, the respective N- and C-termini of the two TMP molecules in the receptor complex must also be very closely aligned with each other, such that they can be directly tethered together with a single peptide bond to realize the near maximum activity-enhancing effect brought about by the tandem repeat strategy. Insertion of one or more (up to 14) glycine residues at the junction did not increase (or decrease) significantly the activity any further. This may be due to the fact that a flexible polyglycine peptide chain is able to loop out easily from the junction without causing any significant changes in the overall conformation. This flexibility seems to provide the freedom of orientation for the TMP peptide chains to fold into the required conformation in interacting with the receptor and validate it as a site of modification. Indirect evidence supporting this came from the study on peptide 13, in which a much more rigid b-turn-forming sequence as the linker apparently forced a deviation of the backbone alignment around the linker which might have resulted in a slight distortion of the optimal conformation, thus resulting in a moderate (10-fold) decrease in activity as compared with the analogous compound with a 4-Gly linker. Third, Trp9 in TMP plays a similar role as Trp13 in EMP, which is involved not only in peptide:peptide interaction for the formation of dimers but also is important for contributing hydrophobic forces in peptide:receptor interaction. Results obtained with the W to C mutant analog, peptide 14, suggest that a covalent disulfide linkage is not sufficient to approximate the hydrophobic interactions provided by the Trp pair and that, being a short linkage, it might bring the two TMP monomers too close, therefore perturbing the overall conformation of the optimal dimeric structure.

An analysis of the possible secondary structure of the TMP peptide can provide further understanding on the interaction between TMP and c-Mpl. This can be facilitated by making reference to the reported structure of the EPO mimetic peptide. Livnah et al. (1996), Science 273:464–75 The receptor-bound EMP has a b-hairpin structure with a b-turn formed by the highly consensus Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr at the center of its sequence. Instead of GPLT, TMP has a highly selected GPTL sequence which is likely to form a similar turn. However, this turn-like motif is located near the N-terminal part in TMP. Secondary structure prediction using Chau-Fasman method suggests that the C-terminal half of the peptide has a tendency to adopt a helical conformation. Together with the highly conserved Trp at position 9, this C-terminal helix may contribute to the stabilization of the dimeric structure. It is interesting to note that most of our tandem repeats are more potent than the C-terminal parallel dimer. Tandem repeats seem to give the molecule a better fit conformation than does the C—C parallel dimerization. The seemingly asymmetric feature of a tandem repeat might have brought it closer to the natural ligand which, as an asymmetric molecule, uses two different sites to bind two identical receptor molecules.

Introduction of a PEG moiety was envisaged to enhance the in vivo activity of the modified peptide by providing it a protection against proteolytic degradation and by slowing down its clearance through renal filtration. It was unexpected that pegylation could further increase the in vitro bioactivity of a tandem repeated TMP peptide in the cell-based proliferation assay.

Example 2 Fc-TMP Fusions

TMPs (and EMPs as described in Example 3) were expressed in either monomeric or dimeric form as either N-terminal or C-terminal fusions to the Fc region of human IgG1. In all cases, the expression construct utilized the luxPR promoter promoter in the plasmid expression vector pAMG21.

Fc-TMP. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of the TPO-mimetic peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the pFc-A3 vector and a synthetic TMP gene. The synthetic gene was constructed from the 3 overlapping oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS: 364, 365, and 366, respectively) shown below:

1842-97 AAA AAA GGA TCC TCG AGA TTA AGC ACG AGC AGC CAG CCA CTG ACG CAG AGT CGG ACC 1842-98 AAA GGT GGA GGT GGT GGT ATC GAA GGT CCG ACT CTG CGT 1842-99 CAG TGG CTG GCT GCT CGT GCT TAA TCT CGA GGA TCC TTT TTT These oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 367 and 368, respectively) shown below:

AAAGGTGGAGGTGGTGGTATCGAAGGTCCGACTCTGCGTCAGTGGCTGGCTGCTCGTGCT 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60                         CCAGGCTGAGACGCAGTCACCGACCGACGAGCACGA a K  G  G  G  G  G  I  E  G  P  T  L  R  Q  W  L  A  A  R  A - TAATCTCGAGGATCCTTTTTT 61 ---------+---------+- 81 ATTAGAGCTCCTAGGAAAAAA a * This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 1842-98 and 1842-97 as the sense and antisense primers.

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with pFc-A3 using the primers shown below (SEQ ID NOS: 369 and 370):

1216-52 AAC ATA AGT ACC TGT AGG ATC G 1830-51 TTCGATACCA CCACCTCCAC CTTTACCCGG AGACAGGGAG AGGCTCTTCTGC The oligonucleotides 1830-51 and 1842-98 contain an overlap of 24 nucleotides, allowing the two genes to be fused together in the correct reading frame by combining the above PCR products in a third reaction using the outside primers, 1216-52 and 1842-97.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3728.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6) of the fusion protein are shown in FIG. 7.

Fc-TMP-TMP. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a dimer of the TPO-mimetic peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the pFc-A3 vector and a synthetic TMP-TMP gene. The synthetic gene was constructed from the 4 overlapping oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS: 371 to 374, respectively) shown below:

1830-52 AAA GGT GGA GGT GGT GGT ATC GAA GGT CCG ACT CTG CGT CAG TGG CTG GCT GCT CGT GCT 1830-53 ACC TCC ACC ACC AGC ACG AGC AGC CAG CCA CTG ACG CAG AGT CGG ACC 1830-54 GGT GGT GGA GGT GGC GGC GGA GGT ATT GAG GGC CCA ACC CTT CGC CAA TGG CTT GCA GCA CGC GCA 1830-55 AAA AAA AGG ATC CTC GAG ATT ATG CGC GTG CTG CAA GCC ATT GGC GAA GGG TTG GGC CCT CAA TAC CTC CGC CGC C The 4 oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 375 and 376, respectively) shown below:

AAAGGTGGAGGTGGTGGTATCGAAGGTCCGACTCTGCGTCAGTGGCTGGCTGCTCGTGCT ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60                         CCAGGCTGAGACGCAGTCACCGACCGACGAGCACGA a K  G  G  G  G  G  I  E  G  P  T  L  R  Q  W  L  A  A  R  A - GGTGGTGGAGGTGGCGGCGGAGGTATTGAGGGCCCAACCCTTCGCCAATGGCTTGCAGCA 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 120 CCACCACCTCCACCGCCGCCTCCATAACTCCCGGGTTGGGAAGCGGTTACCGAACGTCGT a G  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  I  E  G  P  T  L  R  Q  W  L  A  A - CGCGCA 121 ---------------------------148 GCGCGTATTAGAGCTCCTAGGAAAAAAA a R  A   *- This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 1830-52 and 1830-55 as the sense and antisense primers.

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with pFc-A3 using the primers 1216-52 and 1830-51 as described above for Fc-TMP. The full length fusion gene was obtained from a third PCR reaction using the outside primers 1216-52 and 1830-55.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described in example 1. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3727.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8) of the fusion protein are shown in FIG. 8.

TMP-TMP-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a tandem repeat of the TPO-mimetic peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the EMP-Fc plasmid from strain #3688 (see Example 3) and a synthetic gene encoding the TMP dimer. The synthetic gene for the tandem repeat was constructed from the 7 overlapping oligonucleotides shown below (SEQ ID NOS: 377 to 383, respectively):

1885-52 TTT TTT CAT ATG ATC GAA GGT CCG ACT CTG CGT CAG TGG 1885-53 AGC ACG AGC AGC CAG CCA CTG ACG CAG AGT CGG ACC TTC GAT CAT ATG 1885-54 CTG GCT GCT CGT GCT GGT GGA GGC GGT GGG GAC AAA ACT CAC ACA 1885-55 CTG GCT GCT CGT GCT GGC GGT GGT GGC GGA GGG GGT GGC ATT GAG GGC CCA 1885-56 AAG CCA TTG GCG AAG GGT TGG GCC CTC AAT GCC ACC CCC TCC GCC ACC ACC GCC 1885-57 ACC CTT CGC CAA TGG CTT GCA GCA CGC GCA GGG GGA GGC GGT GGG GAC AAA ACT 1885-58 CCC ACC GCC TCC CCC TGC GCG TGC TGC These oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex shown encoding an amino acid sequence shown below (SEQ ID NOS 384 and 385):

TTTTTTCATATGATCGAAGGTCCGACTCTGCGTCAGTGGCTGGCTGCTCGTGCTGGCGGT 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60       GTATACTAGCTTCCAGGCTGAGACGCAGTCACCGACCGACGAGCACGACCGCCA a           M  I  E  G  P  T  L  R  Q  W  L  A  A  R  A  G  G - GGTGGCGGAGGGGGTGGCATTGAGGGCCCAACCCTTCGCCAATGGCTGGCTGCTCGTGCT 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 120 CCACCGCCTCCCCCACCGTAACTCCCGGGTTGGGAAGCGGTTACCGAACGTCGTGCGCGT a G  G  G  G  G  G  I  E  G  P  T  L  R  Q  W  L  A  A  R  A - GGTGGAGGCGGTGGGGACAAAACTCTGGCTGCTCGTGCTGGTGGAGGCGGTGGGGACAAA 121 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 180 CCCCCTCCGCCACCC a G  G  G  G  G  D  K  T  L  A  A  R  A  G  G  G  G  G  D  K - ACTCACACA 181 --------- 189 a T  H  T - This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 1885-52 and 1885-58 as the sense and antisense primers.

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with DNA from the EMP-Fc fusion strain #3688 (see Example 3) using the primers 1885-54 and 1200-54. The full length fusion gene was obtained from a third PCR reaction using the outside primers 1885-52 and 1200-54.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for Fc-EMP herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3798.

The nucelotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10) of the fusion protein are shown in FIG. 9.

TMP-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a monomer of the TPO-mimetic peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was obtained fortuitously in the ligation in TMP-TMP-Fc, presumably due to the ability of primer 1885-54 to anneal to 1885-53 as well as to 1885-58. A single clone having the correct nucleotide sequence for the TMP-Fc construct was selected and designated Amgen strain #3788.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12) of the fusion protein are shown in FIG. 10.

Expression in E. coli. Cultures of each of the pAMG21-Fc-fusion constructs in E. coli GM221 were grown at 37° C. in Luria Broth medium containing 50 mg/ml kanamycin. Induction of gene product expression from the luxPR promoter was achieved following the addition of the synthetic autoinducer N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone to the culture media to a final concentration of 20 ng/ml. Cultures were incubated at 37° C. for a further 3 hours. After 3 hours, the bacterial cultures were examined by microscopy for the presence of inclusion bodies and were then collected by centrifugation. Refractile inclusion bodies were observed in induced cultures indicating that the Fc-fusions were most likely produced in the insoluble fraction in E. coli. Cell pellets were lysed directly by resuspension in Laemmli sample buffer containing 10% b-mercaptoethanol and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In each case, an intense coomassie-stained band of the appropriate molecular weight was observed on an SDS-PAGE gel.

pAMG21. The expression plasmid pAMG21 can be derived from the Amgen expression vector pCFM1656 (ATCC #69576) which in turn be derived from the Amgen expression vector system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,473. The pCFM1656 plasmid can be derived from the described pCFM836 plasmid (U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,473) by:

-   -   (a) destroying the two endogenous NdeI restriction sites by end         filling with T4 polymerase enzyme followed by blunt end         ligation;     -   (b) replacing the DNA sequence between the unique AatII and ClaI         restriction sites containing the synthetic P_(L) promoter with a         similar fragment obtained from pCFM636 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,473)         containing the PL promoter (see SEQ ID NO: 386 below); and     -   (c) substituting the small DNA sequence between the unique ClaI         and KpnI restriction sites with the oligonucleotide having the         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388.

SEQ ID NO:386 AatII: 5′ CTAATTCCGCTCTCACCTACCAAACAATGCCCCCCTGCAAAAAATAAATTCATAT- 3′ TGCAGATTAAGGCGAGAGTGGATGGTTTGTTACGGGGGGACGTTTTTTATTTAAGTATA-    -AAAAAACATACAGATAACCATCTGCGGTGATAAATTATCTCTGGCGGTGTTGACATAAA-    -TTTTTTGTATGTCTATTGGTAGACGCCACTATTTAATAGAGACCGCCACAACTGTATTT-    -TACCACTGGCGGTGATACTGAGCACAT 3′    -ATGGTGACCGCCACTATGACTCGTGTAGC 5′                                 ClaI SEQ ID NO:387 5′ CGATTTGATTCTAGAAGGAGGAATAACATATGGTTAACGCGTTGGAATTCGGTAC 3′: 3′   TAAACTAAGATCTTCCTCCTTATTGTATACCAATTGCGCAACCTTAAGC 5′    ClaI                                               KpnI The expression plasmid pAMG21 can then be derived from pCFM1656 by making a series of site-directed base changes by PCR overlapping oligo mutagenesis and DNA sequence substitutions. Starting with the BglII site (plasmid bp # 180) immediately 5′ to the plasmid replication promoter P_(copB) and proceeding toward the plasmid replication genes, the base pair changes are as shown in Table B below.

TABLE B Base pair changes resulting in pAMG21 pAMG21 bp # bp in pCFM1656 bp changed to in pAMG21  #204 T/A C/G  #428 A/T G/C  #509 G/C A/T  #617 — insert two G/C bp  #679 G/C T/A  #980 T/A C/G  #994 G/C A/T #1004 A/T C/G #1007 C/G T/A #1028 A/T T/A #1047 C/G T/A #1178 G/C T/A #1466 G/C T/A #2028 G/C bp deletion #2187 C/G T/A #2480 A/T T/A #2499–2502 AGTG GTCA TCAC CAGT #2642 TCCGAGC 7 bp deletion AGGCTCG #3435 G/C A/T #3446 G/C A/T #3643 A/T T/A

The DNA sequence between the unique AatII (position #4364 in pCFM1656) and SacI (position #4585 in pCFM1656) restriction sites is substituted with the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23) shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B. During the ligation of the sticky ends of this substitution DNA sequence, the outside AatII and SacII sites are destroyed. There are unique AatII and SacII sites in the substituted DNA.

GM221 (Amgen #2596). The Amgen host strain #2596 is an E. coli K-12 strain derived from Amgen strain #393. It has been modified to contain both the temperature sensitive lambda repressor cI857s7 in the early ebg region and the lacI^(Q) repressor in the late ebg region (68 minutes). The presence of these two repressor genes allows the use of this host with a variety of expression systems, however both of these repressors are irrelevant to the expression from luxP_(R). The untransformed host has no antibiotic resistances.

The ribosome binding site of the cI857s7 gene has been modified to include an enhanced RBS. It has been inserted into the ebg operon between nucleotide position 1170 and 1411 as numbered in Genbank accession number M64441Gb_Ba with deletion of the intervening ebg sequence. The sequence of the insert is shown below with lower case letters representing the ebg sequences flanking the insert shown below

(SEQ ID NO:388) ttattttcgtGCGGCCGCACCATTATCACCGCCAGAGGTAAACTAGTCAACACGCACGGTGTTAGATATTTAT CCCTTGCGGTGATAGATTGAGCACATCGATTTGATTCTAGAAGGAGGGATAATATATGAGCACAAAAAAGAAA CCATTAACACAAGAGCAGCTTGAGGACGCACGTCGCCTTAAAGCAATTTATGAAAAAAAGAAAAATGAACTTG GCTTATCCCAGGAATCTGTCGCAGACAAGATGGGGATGGGGCAGTCAGGCGTTGGTGCTTTATTTAATGGCAT CAATGCATTAAATGCTTATAACGCCGCATTGCTTACAAAAATTCTCAAAGTTAGCGTTGAAGAATTTAGCCCT TCAATCGCCAGAGAATCTACGAGATGTATGAAGCGGTTAGTATGCAGCCGTCACTTAGAAGTGAGTATGAGTA CCCTGTTTTTTCTCATGTTCAGGCAGGGATGTTCTCACCTAAGCTTAGAACCTTTACCAAAGGTGATGCGGAG AGATGGGTAAGCACAACCAAAAAAGCCAGTGATTCTGCATTCTGGCTTGAGGTTGAAGGTAATTCCATGACCG CACCAACAGGCTCCAAGCCAAGCTTTCCTGACGGAATGTTAATTCTCGTTGACCCTGAGCAGGCTGTTGAGCC AGGTGATTTCTGCATAGCCAGACTTGGGGGTGATGAGTTTACCTTCAAGAAACTGATCAGGGATAGCGGTCAG GTGTTTTTACAACCACTAAACCCACAGTACCCAATGATCCCATGCAATGAGAGTTGTTCCGTTGTGGGGAAAG TTATCGCTAGTCAGTGGCCTGAAGAGACGTTTGGCTGATAGACTAGTGGATCCACTAGTgtttctgccc:

The construct was delivered to the chromosome using a recombinant phage called MMebg-cI857s7enhanced RBS #4 into F'tet/393. After recombination and resolution only the chromosomal insert described above remains in the cell. It was renamed F'tet/GM101. F'tet/GM101 was then modified by the delivery of a lacI^(Q) construct into the ebg operon between nucleotide position 2493 and 2937 as numbered in the Genbank accession number M64441Gb_Ba with the deletion of the intervening ebg sequence. The sequence of the insert is shown below with the lower case letters representing the ebg sequences flanking the insert (SEQ ID NO: 389) shown below:

ggcggaaaccGACGTCCATCGAATGGTGCAAAACCTTTCGCGGTATGGCATGATAGCGCCCGGAAGAGAGTCA ATTCAGGGTGGTGAATGTGAAACCAGTAACGTTATACGATGTCGCAGAGTATGCCGGTGTCTCTTATCAGACC GTTTCCCGCGTGGTGAACCAGGCCAGCCACGTTTCTGCGAAAACGCGGGAAAAAGTCGAAGCGGCGATGGCGG AGCTGAATTACATTCCCAACCGCGTGGCACAACAACTGGCGGGCAAACAGTCGCTCCTGATTGGCGTTGCCAC CTCCAGTCTGGCCCTGCACGCGCCGTCGCAAATTGTCGCGGCGATTAAATCTCGCGCCGATCAACTGGGTGCC AGCGTGGTGGTGTCGATGGTAGAACGAAGCGGCGTCGAAGCCTGTAAAGCGGCGGTGCACAATCTTCTCGCGC AACGCGTCAGTGGGCTGATCATTAACTATCCGCTGGATGACCAGGATGCCATTGCTCTGGAAGCTGCCTGCAC TAATGTTCCGGCGTTATTTCTTGATGTCTCTGACCAGACACCCATCAACAGTATTATTTTCTCCCATGAAGAC GGTACGCGACTGGGCGTGGAGCATCTGGTCGCATTGGGTCACCAGCAAATCGCGCTGTTAGCGGGCCCATTAA GTTCTGTCTCGGCGCGTCTGCGTCTGGCTGGCTGGCATAAATATCTCACTCGCAATCAAATTCAGCCGATAGC GGAACGGGAAGGCGACTGGAGTGCCATGTCCGGTTTTCAACAAACCATGCAAATGCTGAATGAGGGCATCGTT CCCACTGCGATGCTGGTTGCCAACGATCAGATGGCGCTGGGCGCAATGCGCGCCATTACCGAGTCCGGGCTGC GCGTTGGTGCGGATATCTCGGTAGTGGGATACGACGATACCGAAGACAGCTCATGTTATATCCCGCCGTTAAC CACCATCAAACAGGATTTTCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAACCAGCGTGGACCGCTTGCTGCAACTCTCTCAGGGCCAG GCGGTGAAGGGCAATCAGCTGTTGCCCGTCTCACTGGTGAAAAGAAAAACCACCCTGGCGCCCAATACGCAAA CCGCCTCTCCCCGCGCGTTGGCCGATTCATTAATGCAGCTGGCACGACAGGTTTCCCGACTGGAAAGCGGACA GTAAGGTACCATAGGATCCaggcacagga

The construct was delivered to the chromosome using a recombinant phage called AGebg-LacIQ#5 into F'tet/GM101. After recombination and resolution only the chromosomal insert described above remains in the cell. It was renamed F'tet/GM221. The F'tet episome was cured from the strain using acridine orange at a concentration of 25 μg/ml in LB. The cured strain was identified as tetracyline sensitive and was stored as GM221.

Expression. Cultures of pAMG21-Fc-TMP-TMP in E. coli GM221 in Luria Broth medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin were incubated at 37° C. prior to induction. Induction of Fc-TMP-TMP gene product expression from the luxPR promoter was achieved following the addition of the synthetic autoinducer N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone to the culture media to a final concentration of 20 ng/ml and cultures were incubated at 37° C. for a further 3 hours. After 3 hours, the bacterial cultures were examined by microscopy for the presence of inclusion bodies and were then collected by centrifugation. Refractile inclusion bodies were observed in induced cultures indicating that the Fc-TMP-TMP was most likely produced in the insoluble fraction in E. coli. Cell pellets were lysed directly by resuspension in Laemmli sample buffer containing 10%•-mercaptoethanol and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. An intense Coomassie stained band of approximately 30 kDa was observed on an SDS-PAGE gel. The expected gene product would be 269 amino acids in length and have an expected molecular weight of about 29.5 kDa. Fermentation was also carried out under standard batch conditions at the 10 L scale, resulting in similar expression levels of the Fc-TMP-TMP to those obtained at bench scale.

Purification of Fc-TMP-TMP. Cells are broken in water (1/10) by high pressure homogenization (2 passes at 14,000 PSI) and inclusion bodies are harvested by centrifugation (4200 RPM in J-6B for 1 hour). Inclusion bodies are solubilized in 6M guanidine, 50 mM Tris, 8 mM DTT, pH 8.7 for 1 hour at a 1/10 ratio. The solubilized mixture is diluted 20 times into 2M urea, 50 mM tris, 160 mM arginine, 3 mM cysteine, pH 8.5. The mixture is stirred overnight in the cold and then concentrated about 10 fold by ultafiltration. It is then diluted 3 fold with 10 mM Tris, 1.5M urea, pH 9. The pH of this mixture is then adjusted to pH 5 with acetic acid. The precipitate is removed by centrifugation and the supernatant is loaded onto a SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column equilibrated in 20 mM NaAc, 100 mM NaCl, pH 5(10 mg/ml protein load, room temperature). The protein is eluted off using a 20 column volume gradient in the same buffer ranging from 100 mM NaCl to 500 mM NaCl. The pool from the column is diluted 3 fold and loaded onto a SP-Sepharose HP column in 20 mM NaAc, 150 mM NaCl, pH 5(10 mg/ml protein load, room temperature). The protein is eluted off using a 20 column volume gradient in the same buffer ranging from 150 mM NaCl to 400 mM NaCl. The peak is pooled and filtered.

Characterization of Fc-TMP activity. The following is a summary of in vivo data in mice with various compounds of this invention.

Mice: Normal female BDF1 approximately 10–12 weeks of age.

Bleed schedule: Ten mice per group treated on day 0, two groups started 4 days apart for a total of 20 mice per group. Five mice bled at each time point, mice were bled a minimum of three times a week. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and a total volume of 140–160 μl of blood was obtained by puncture of the orbital sinus. Blood was counted on a Technicon H1E blood analyzer running software for murine blood. Parameters measured were white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, neutrophils.

Treatments: Mice were either injected subcutaneously for a bolus treatment or implanted with 7-day micro-osmotic pumps for continuous delivery. Subcutaneous injections were delivered in a volume of 0.2 ml. Osmotic pumps were inserted into a subcutaneous incision made in the skin between the scapulae of anesthetized mice. Compounds were diluted in PBS with 0.1% BSA. All experiments included one control group, labeled “carrier” that were treated with this diluent only. The concentration of the test articles in the pumps was adjusted so that the calibrated flow rate from the pumps gave the treatment levels indicated in the graphs.

Compounds: A dose titration of the compound was delivered to mice in 7 day micro-osmotic pumps. Mice were treated with various compounds at a single dose of 100 μg/kg in 7 day osmotic pumps. Some of the same compounds were then given to mice as a single bolus injection.

Activity test results: The results of the activity experiments are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. In dose response assays using 7-day micro-osmotic pumps, the maximum effect was seen with the compound of SEQ ID NO: 18 was at 100 μg/kg/day; the 10 μg/kg/day dose was about 50% maximally active and 1 μg/kg/day was the lowest dose at which activity could be seen in this assay system. The compound at 10 μg/kg/day dose was about equally active as 100 μg/kg/day unpegylated rHu-MGDF in the same experiment.

Example 3 Fc-EMP Fusions

Fc-EMP. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of the EPO-mimetic peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were a vector containing the Fc sequence (pFc-A3, described in International application WO 97/23614, published Jul. 3, 1997) and a synthetic gene encoding EPO monomer. The synthetic gene for the monomer was constructed from the 4 overlapping oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS: 390 to 393, respectively) shown below:

1798-2 TAT GAA AGG TGG AGG TGG TGG TGG AGG TAC TTA CTC TTG CCA CTT CGG CCC GCT GAC TTG G 1798-3 CGG TTT GCA AAC CCA AGT CAG CGG GCC GAA GTG GCA AGA GTA AGT ACC TCC ACC ACC ACC TCC ACC TTT CAT 1798-4 GTT TGC AAA CCG CAG GGT GGC GGC GGC GGC GGC GGT GGT ACC TAT TCC TGT CAT TTT 1798-5 CCA GGT CAG CGG GCC AAA ATG ACA GGA ATA GGT ACC ACC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC ACC CTG The 4 oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 394 and 395, respectively) shown below:

TATGAAAGGTGGAGGTGGTGGTGGAGGTACTTACTCTTGCCACTTCGGCCCGCTGACTTG  1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60 TACTTTCCACCTCCACCACCACCTCCATGAATGAGAACGGTGAAGCCGGGCGACTGAAC b  M  K  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  T  Y  S  C  H  F  G  P  L  T  W - GGTTTGCAAACCGCAGGGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGTACCTATTCCTGTCATTTT 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-- 133 CCAAACGTTTGGCGTCCCACCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCATGGATAAGGACAGTAAAACCGGGCGACTGGACC b  V  C  K  P  Q  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  T  Y  S  C  H  F -

This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using

1798-18 GCA GAA GAG CCT CTC CCT GTC TCC GGG TAA AGG TGG AGG TGG TGG TGG AGG TAC TTA CTC T and 1798-19 CTA ATT GGA TCC ACG AGA TTA ACC ACC CTG CGG TTT GCA A as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 396 and 397, respectively).

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with pFc-A3 using the primers

-   1216-52 AAC ATA AGT ACC TGT AGG ATC G -   1798-17 AGA GTA AGT ACC TCG ACC ACC ACC TCC ACC TTT ACC CGG AGA CAG     GGA GAG GCT CTT CTG C     which are SEQ ID NOS: 369 and 399, respectively. The     oligonucleotides 1798-17 and 1798-18 contain an overlap of 61     nucleotides, allowing the two genes to be fused together in the     correct reading frame by combining the above PCR products in a third     reaction using the outside primers, 1216-52 and 1798-19.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 (described below), also digested with XbaI and BamHI. Ligated DNA was transformed into competent host cells of E. coli strain 2596 (GM221, described herein). Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3718.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the resulting fusion protein (SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16) are shown in FIG. 13.

EMP-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a monomer of the EPO-mimetic peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the pFC-A3a vector and a synthetic gene encoding EPO monomer. The synthetic gene for the monomer was constructed from the 4 overlapping oligonucleotides 1798-4 and 1798-5 (above) and 1798-6 and 1798-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 400 and 401, respectively) shown below:

1798-6 GGC CCG CTG ACC TGG GTA TGT AAG CCA CAA GGG GGT GGG GGA GGC GGG GGG TAA TCT CGA G 1798-7 GAT CCT CGA GAT TAC CCC CCG CCT CCC CCA CCC CCT TGT GGC TTA CAT AC The 4 oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 402 and 403, respectively) shown below:

GTTTGCAAACCGCAGGGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGTACCTATTCCTGTCATTTTGGC 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60             GTCCCACCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCATGGATAAGGACAGTAAAACCG A V  C  K  P  Q  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  T  Y  S  C  H  F  G - CCGCTGACCTGGGTATGTAAGCCACAAGGGGGTGGGGGAGGCGGGGGGTAATCTCGAG 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+- 122 GGCGACTGGACCCATACATTCGGTGTTCCCCCACCCCCTCCGCCCCCCATTAGAGCTCCTAG A P  L  T  W  V  C  K  P  Q  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  *

This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using

1798-21 TTA TTT CAT ATG AAA GGT GGT AAC TAT TCC TGT CAT TTT and 1798-22 TGG ACA TGT GTG AGT TTT GTC CCC CCC GCC TCC CCC ACC CCC T as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 404 and 405, respectively).

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with pFc-A3 using the primers

1798-23 AGG GGG TGG GGG AGG CGG GGG GGA CAA AAC TCA CAC ATG TCC A and 1200-54 GTT ATT GCT CAG CGG TGG CA which are SEQ ID NOS: 406 and 407, respectively. The oligonucleotides 1798-22 and 1798-23 contain an overlap of 43 nucleotides, allowing the two genes to be fused together in the correct reading frame by combining the above PCR products in a third reaction using the outside primers, 1787-21 and 1200-54.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described above. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3688.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18) of the resulting fusion protein are shown in FIG. 14.

EMP-EMP-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a dimer of the EPO-mimetic peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the EMP-Fc plasmid from strain #3688 above and a synthetic gene encoding the EPO dimer. The synthetic gene for the dimer was constructed from the 8 overlapping oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOS:408 to 415, respectively) shown below:

1869-23 TTT TTT ATC GAT TTG ATT CTA GAT TTG AGT TTT AAC TTT TAG AAG GAG GAA TAA AAT ATG 1869-48 TAA AAG TTA AAA CTC AAA TCT AGA ATC AAA TCG ATA AAA AA 1871-72 GGA GGT ACT TAC TCT TGC CAC TTC GGC CCG CTG ACT TGG GTT TGC AAA CCG 1871-73 AGT CAG CGG GCC GAA GTG GCA AGA GTA AGT ACC TCC CAT ATT TTA TTC CTC CTT C 1871-74 CAG GGT GGC GGC GGC GGC GGC GGT GGT ACC TAT TCC TGT CAT TTT GGC CCG CTG ACC TGG 1871-75 AAA ATG ACA GGA ATA GGT ACC ACC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC ACC CTG CGG TTT GCA AAC CCA 1871-78 GTA TGT AAG CCA CAA GGG GGT GGG GGA GGC GGG GGG GAC AAA ACT CAC ACA TGT CCA 1871-79 AGT TTT GTC CCC CCC GCC TCC CCC ACC CCC TTG TGG CTT ACA TAC CCA GGT CAG CGG GCC The 8 oligonucleotides were annealed to form the duplex encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 416 and 417, respectively) shown below:

TTTTTTATCGATTTGATTCTAGATTTGAGTTTTAACTTTTAGAAGGAGGAATAAAATATG 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60 AAAAAATAGCTAAACTAAGATCTAAACTCAAAATTGAAAATCTTCCTCCTTATTTTATAC a                                                           M - GGAGGTACTTACTCTTGCCACTTCGGCCCGCTGACTTGGGTTTGCAAACCGCAGGGTGGC 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 120 CCTCCATGAATGAGAACGGTGAAGCCGGGCGACTGAACCCAAACGTTTGGCGTCCCACCG a G  G  T  Y  S  C  H  F  G  P  L  T  W  V  C  K  P  Q  G  G - GGCGGCGGCGGCGGTGGTACCTATTCCTGTCATTTTGGCCCGCTGACCTGGGTATGTAAG 121 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 180 CCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCATGGATAAGGACAGTAAAACCGGGCGACTGGACCCATACATTC a G  G  G  G  G  G  T  Y  S  C  H  F  G  P  L  T  W  V  C  K - CCACAAGGGGGTGGGGGAGGCGGGGGGGACAAAACTCACACATGTCCA 181 ---------+---------+---------+---------+ 228 GGTGTTCCCCCACCCCCTCCGCCCCCCCTGTTTTGA a P  Q  G  G  G  G  G  G  G  D  K  T  H  T  C  P -

This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 1869-23 and 1871-79 (shown above) as the sense and antisense primers.

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with strain 3688 DNA using the primers 1798-23 and 1200-54 (shown above).

The oligonucleotides 1871-79 and 1798-23 contain an overlap of 31 nucleotides, allowing the two genes to be fused together in the correct reading frame by combining the above PCR products in a third reaction using the outside primers, 1869-23 and 1200-54.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for Fc-EMP. Clones were screened for ability to produce the recombinant protein product and possession of the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3813.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 20, respectively) of the resulting fusion protein are shown in FIG. 15. There is a silent mutation at position 145 (A to G, shown in boldface) such that the final construct has a different nucleotide sequence than the oligonucleotide 1871-72 from which it was derived.

Fc-EMP-EMP. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a dimer of the EPO-mimetic peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. Templates for PCR reactions were the plasmids from strains 3688 and 3813 above.

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with strain 3688 DNA using the primers 1216-52 and 1798-17 (shown above). The EMP dimer portion of the molecule was the product of a second PCR reaction with strain 3813 DNA using the primers 1798-18 (also shown above) and SEQ ID NO: 418, shown below:

-   1798-20 CTA ATT GGA TCC TCG AGA TTA ACC CCC TTG TGG CTT ACAT

The oligonucleotides 1798-17 and 1798-18 contain an overlap of 61 nucleotides, allowing the two genes to be fused together in the correct reading frame by combining the above PCR products in a third reaction using the outside primers, 1216-52 and 1798-20.

The final PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases XbaI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for Fc-EMP. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #3822.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22, respectively) of the fusion protein are shown in FIG. 16.

Characterization of Fc-EMP activity. Characterization was carried out in vivo as follows.

Mice: Normal female BDF1 approximately 10–12 weeks of age.

Bleed schedule: Ten mice per group treated on day 0, two groups started 4 days apart for a total of 20 mice per group. Five mice bled at each time point, mice were bled a maximum of three times a week. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and a total volume of 140–160 ml of blood was obtained by puncture of the orbital sinus. Blood was counted on a Technicon H1E blood analyzer running software for murine blood. Parameters measured were WBC, RBC, HCT, HGB, PLT, NEUT, LYMPH.

Treatments: Mice were either injected subcutaneously for a bolus treatment or implanted with 7 day micro-osmotic pumps for continuous delivery. Subcutaneous injections were delivered in a volume of 0.2 ml. Osmotic pumps were inserted into a subcutaneous incision made in the skin between the scapulae of anesthetized mice. Compounds were diluted in PBS with 0.1% BSA. All experiments included one control group, labeled “carrier” that were treated with this diluent only. The concentration of the test articles in the pumps was adjusted so that the calibrated flow rate from the pumps gave the treatment levels indicated in the graphs.

Experiments: Various Fc-conjugated EPO mimetic peptides (EMPs) were delivered to mice as a single bolus injection at a dose of 100 μg/kg. Fc-EMPs were delivered to mice in 7-day micro-osmotic pumps. The pumps were not replaced at the end of 7 days. Mice were bled until day 51 when HGB and HCT returned to baseline levels.

Example 4 TNF-α Inhibitors

Fc-TNF-α inhibitors. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of the TNF-α inhibitory peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. The Fc and 5 glycine linker portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with DNA from the Fc-EMP fusion strain #3718 (see Example 3) using the sense primer 1216-52 and the antisense primer 2295-89 (SEQ ID NOS: 369 and 1112, respectively). The nucleotides encoding the TNF-α inhibitory peptide were provided by the PCR primer 2295-89 shown below:

-   1216-52 AAC ATA AGT ACC TGT AGG ATC G -   2295-89 CCG CGG ATC CAT TAC GGA CGG TGA CCC AGA GAG GTG TTT TTG TAG     TGC GGC AGG AGG TCA CCA CCA CCT CCA CCT TTA CCC     The oligonucleotide 2295-89 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc     portion of the template by 22 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in     the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4544.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1055 and 1056) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B.

TNF-α inhibitor-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a TNF-α inhibitory peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. The template for the PCR reaction was a plasmid containing an unrelated peptide fused via a five glycine linker to Fc. The nucleotides encoding the TNF-α inhibitory peptide were provided by the sense PCR primer 2295-88, with primer 1200-54 serving as the antisense primer (SEQ ID NOS: 1117 and 407, respectively). The primer sequences are shown below:

2295-88 GAA TAA CAT ATG GAC TTC CTG CCG CAC TAC AAA AAC ACC TCT CTG GGT CAC CGT CCG GGT GGA CCC GGT GGG GAC AAA ACT 1200-54 GTT ATT GCT CAG CGG TGG CA The oligonucleotide 2295-88 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc portion of the template by 24 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4543.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1057 and 1058) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B.

Expression in E. coli. Cultures of each of the pAMG21-Fc-fusion constructs in E. coli GM221 were grown at 37° C. in Luria Broth medium containing 50 mg/ml kanamycin. Induction of gene product expression from the luxPR promoter was achieved following the addition of the synthetic autoinducer N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone to the culture media to a final concentration of 20 ng/ml. Cultures were incubated at 37° C. for a further 3 hours. After 3 hours, the bacterial cultures were examined by microscopy for the presence of inclusion bodies and were then collected by centrifugation. Refractile inclusion bodies were observed in induced cultures indicating that the Fc-fusions were most likely produced in the insoluble fraction in E. coli. Cell pellets were lysed directly by resuspension in Laemmli sample buffer containing 10% β-mercaptoethanol and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In each case, an intense coomassie-stained band of the appropriate molecular weight was observed on an SDS-PAGE gel.

Purification of Fc-peptide fusion proteins. Cells are broken in water (1/10) by high pressure homogenization (2 passes at 14,000 PSI) and inclusion bodies are harvested by centrifugation (4200 RPM in J-6B for 1 hour). Inclusion bodies are solubilized in 6M guanidine, 50 mM Tris, 8 mM DTT, pH 8.7 for 1 hour at a 1/10 ratio. The solubilized mixture is diluted 20 times into 2M urea, 50 mM tris, 160 mM arginine, 3 mM cysteine, pH 8.5. The mixture is stirred overnight in the cold and then concentrated about 10 fold by ultafiltration. It is then diluted 3 fold with 10 mM Tris, 1.5M urea, pH 9. The pH of this mixture is then adjusted to pH 5 with acetic acid. The precipitate is removed by centrifugation and the supernatant is loaded onto a SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column equilibrated in 20 mM NaAc, 100 mM NaCl, pH 5 (10 mg/ml protein load, room temperature). The protein is eluted from the column using a 20 column volume gradient in the same buffer ranging from 100 mM NaCl to 500 mM NaCl. The pool from the column is diluted 3 fold and loaded onto a SP-Sepharose HP column in 20 mM NaAc, 150 mM NaCl, pH 5(10 mg/ml protein load, room temperature). The protein is eluted using a 20 column volume gradient in the same buffer ranging from 150 mM NaCl to 400 mM NaCl. The peak is pooled and filtered.

Characterization of activity of Fc-TNF-α inhibitor and TNF-α inhibitor-Fc. Binding of these peptide fusion proteins to TNF-α can be characterized by BIAcore by methods available to one of ordinary skill in the art who is armed with the teachings of the present specification.

Example 5 IL-1 Antagonists

Fc-IL-1 antagonist. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of an IL-1 antagonist peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. The Fc and 5 glycine linker portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with DNA from the Fc-EMP fusion strain #3718 (see Example 3) using the sense primer 1216-52 and the antisense primer 2269-70 (SEQ ID NOS: 2369 and 1118, respectively). The nucleotides encoding the IL-1 antagonist peptide were provided by the PCR primer 2269-70 shown below:

-   1216-52 AAC ATA AGT ACC TGT AGG ATC G -   2269-70 CCG CGG ATC CAT TAC AGC GGC AGA GCG TAC GGC TGC CAG TAA CCC     GGG GTC CAT TCG AAA CCA CCA CCT CCA CCT TTA CCC     The oligonucleotide 2269-70 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc     portion of the template by 22 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in     the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4506.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1059 and 1060) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B.

IL-1 antagonist-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for an IL-1 antagonist peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. The template for the PCR reaction was a plasmid containing an unrelated peptide fused via a five glycine linker to Fc. The nucleotides encoding the IL-1 antagonist peptide were provided by the sense PCR primer 2269-69, with primer 1200-54 serving as the antisense primer (SEQ ID NOS: 1119 and 407, respectively). The primer sequences are shown below:

2269-69 GAA TAA CAT ATG TTC GAA TGG ACC CCG GGT TAC TGG CAG CCG TAC GCT CTG CCG CTG GGT GGA GGC GGT GGG GAC AAA ACT 1200-54 GTT ATT GCT CAG CGG TGG CA The oligonucleotide 2269-69 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc portion of the template by 24 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4505.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1061 and 1062) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B. Expression and purification were carried out as in previous examples.

Characterization of Fc-IL-1 antagonist peptide and IL-1 antagonist peptide-Fc activity. IL-1 Receptor Binding competition between IL-1, IL-1RA and Fc-conjugated IL-1 peptide sequences was carried out using the IGEN system. Reactions contained 0.4 nM biotin-IL-1R+15 nM IL-1-TAG+3 uM competitor+20 ug/ml streptavidin-conjugate beads, where competitors were IL-1RA, Fc-IL-1 antagonist, IL-1 antagonist-Fc). Competition was assayed over a range of competitor concentrations from 3 uM to 1.5 pM. The results are shown in Table C below:

TABLE C Results from IL-1 Receptor Binding Competition Assay IL-1pep-Fc Fc-IL-1pep IL-1ra KI 281.5 59.58 1.405 EC50 530.0 112.2 2.645 95% Confidence Intervals EC50 280.2 to 1002  54.75 to 229.8 1.149 to 6.086 KI 148.9 to 532.5 29.08 to 122.1 0.6106 to 3.233  Goodness of Fit R² 0.9790 0.9687  0.9602

Example 6 VEGF-Antagonists

Fc-VEGF Antagonist. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of the VEGF mimetic peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. The templates for the PCR reaction were the pFc-A3 plasmid and a synthetic VEGF mimetic peptide gene. The synthetic gene was assembled by annealing the following two oligonucleotides primer (SEQ ID NOS: 1110 and 1111, respectively):

-   2293-11 GTT GAA CCG AAC TGT GAC ATC CAT GTT ATG TGG GAA TGG GAA TGT     TTT GAA CGT CTG -   2293-12 CAG ACG TTC AAA ACA TTC CCA TTC CCA CAT AAC ATG GAT GTC ACA     GTT CGG TTC AAC

The two oligonucleotides anneal to form the following duplex encoding an amino acid sequence shown below (SEQ ID NOS: 1113 and 1114):

GTTGAACCGAACTGTGACATCCATGTTATGTGGGAATGGGAATGTTTTGAACGTCTG 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------- 57 CAACTTGGCTTGACACTGTAGGTACAATACACCCTTACCCTTACAAAACTTGCAGAC a V  E  P  N  C  D  I  H  V  M  W  E  W  E  C  F  E  R  L -

This duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 2293-05 and 2293-06 as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1122 and 1123).

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with the pFc-A3 plasmid using the primers 2293-03 and 2293-04 as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1120 and 1121, respectively). The full length fusion gene was obtained from a third PCR reaction using the outside primers 2293-03 and 2293-06. These primers are shown below:

2293-03 ATT TGA TTC TAG AAG GAG GAA TAA CAT ATG GAC AAA ACT CAC ACA TGT 2293-04 GTC ACA GTT CGG TTC AAC ACC ACC ACC ACC ACC TTT ACC CGG AGA CAG GGA 2293-05 TCC CTG TCT CCG GGT AAA GGT GGT GGT GGT GGT GTT GAA CCG AAC TGT GAC ATC 2293-06 CCG CGG ATC CTC GAG TTA GAG ACG TTC AAA ACA TTC CCA

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4523.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1063 and 1064) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 23A and 23B.

VEGF antagonist-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for a VEGF mimetic peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. The templates for the PCR reaction were the pFc-A3 plasmid and the synthetic VEGF mimetic peptide gene described above. The synthetic duplex was amplified in a PCR reaction using 2293-07 and 2293-08 as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1124 and 1125, respectively).

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with the pFc-A3 plasmid using the primers 2293-09 and 2293-10 as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1126 and 1127, respectively).

The Fc portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with the pFc-A3 plasmid using the primers 2293-09 and 2293-10 as the sense and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOS. 1129 and 1130, respectively). The full length fusion gene was obtained from a third PCR reaction using the outside primers 2293-07 and 2293-10. These primers are shown below:

2293-07 ATT TGA TTC TAG AAG GAG GAA TAA CAT ATG GTT GAA CCG AAC TGT GAC 2293-08 ACA TGT GTG AGT TTT GTC ACC ACC ACC ACC ACC CAG ACG TTC AAA ACA TTC 2293-09 GAA TGT TTT GAA CGT CTG GGT GGT GGT GGT GGT GAC AAA ACT CAC ACA TGT 2293-10 CCG CGG ATC CTC GAG TTA TTT ACC CGG AGA CAG GGA GAG

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4524.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1065 and 1066) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B. Expression and purification were carried out as in previous examples.

Example 7 MMP Inhibitors

Fc-MMP inhibitor. A DNA sequence coding for the Fc region of human IgG1 fused in-frame to a monomer of an MMP inhibitory peptide was constructed using standard PCR technology. The Fc and 5 glycine linker portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with DNA from the Fc-TNF-α inhibitor fusion strain #4544 (see Example 4) using the sense primer 1216-52 and the antisense primer 2308-67 (SEQ ID NOS: 2369 and 1115, respectively). The nucleotides encoding the MMP inhibitor peptide were provided by the PCR primer 2308-67 shown below:

-   1216-52 AAC ATA AGT ACC TGT AGG ATC G -   2308-67 CCG CGG ATC CAT TAG CAC AGG GTG AAA CCC CAG TGG GTG GTG CAA     CCA CCA CCT CCA CCT TTA CCC     The oligonucleotide 2308-67 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc     portion of the template by 22 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in     the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4597.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1067 and 1068) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B. Expression and purification were carried out as in previous examples.

MMP Inhibitor-Fc. A DNA sequence coding for an MMP inhibitory peptide fused in-frame to the Fc region of human IgG1 was constructed using standard PCR technology. The Fc and 5 glycine linker portion of the molecule was generated in a PCR reaction with DNA from the Fc-TNF-α inhibitor fusion strain #4543 (see Example 4). The nucleotides encoding the MMP inhibitory peptide were provided by the sense PCR primer 2308-66, with primer 1200-54 serving as the antisense primer (SEQ ID NOS: 1116 and 407, respectively).

The primer sequences are shown below:

-   2308-66 GAA TAA CAT ATG TGC ACC ACC CAC TGG GGT TTC ACC CTG TGC GGT     GGA GGC GGT GGG GAC AAA -   1200-54 GTT ATT GCT CAG CGG TGG CA

The two oligonucleotides anneal to form the following duplex encoding an amino acid sequence shown below (SEQ ID NOS: 1113 and 1114):

The oligonucleotide 2269-69 overlaps the glycine linker and Fc portion of the template by 24 nucleotides, with the PCR resulting in the two genes being fused together in the correct reading frame.

The PCR gene product (the full length fusion gene) was digested with restriction endonucleases NdeI and BamHI, and then ligated into the vector pAMG21 and transformed into competent E. coli strain 2596 cells as described for EMP-Fc herein. Clones were screened for the ability to produce the recombinant protein product and to possess the gene fusion having the correct nucleotide sequence. A single such clone was selected and designated Amgen strain #4598.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1069 and 1070) of the fusion protein are shown in FIGS. 26A and 26B.

The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations used throughout this specification are as defined below, unless otherwise defined in specific circumstances.

Ac acetyl (used to refer to acetylated residues) AcBpa acetylated p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity Aib aminoisobutyric acid bA beta-alanine Bpa p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine BrAc bromoacetyl (BrCH₂C(O) BSA Bovine serum albumin Bzl Benzyl Cap Caproic acid CTL Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLA4 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 DARC Duffy blood group antigen receptor DCC Dicylcohexylcarbodiimide Dde 1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-cyclohexylidene)elhyl EMP Erythropoietin-mimetic peptide ESI-MS Electron spray ionization mass spectrometry EPO Erythropoietin Fmoc fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl G-CSF Granulocyte colony stimulating factor GH Growth hormone HCT hematocrit HGB hemoglobin hGH Human growth hormone HOBt 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole HPLC high performance liquid chromatography IL interleukin IL-R interleukin receptor IL-1R interleukin-1 receptor IL-1ra interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Lau Lauric acid LPS lipopolysaccharide LYMPH lymphocytes MALDI-MS Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry Me methyl MeO methoxy MHC major histocompatibility complex MMP matrix metalloproteinase MMPI matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1-Nap 1-napthylalanine NEUT neutrophils NGF nerve growth factor Nle norleucine NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PBS Phosphate-buffered saline Pbf 2,2,4,6,7-pendamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl PCR polymerase chain reaction Pec pipecolic acid PEG Poly(ethylene glycol) pGlu pyroglutamic acid Pic picolinic acid PLT platelets pY phosphotyrosine RBC red blood cells RBS ribosome binding site RT room temperature (25° C.) Sar sarcosine SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate STK serine-threonine kinases t-Boc tert-Butoxycarbonyl tBu tert-Butyl TGF tissue growth factor THF thymic humoral factor TK tyrosine kinase TMP Thrombopoietin-mimetic peptide TNF Tissue necrosis factor TPO Thrombopoietin TRAIL TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand Trt trityl UK urokinase UKR urokinase receptor VEGF vascular endothelial cell growth factor VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide WBC white blood cells 

1. A composition of matter of the formula (X¹)_(a)—F¹—(X²)_(b) and multimers thereof, wherein: F¹ is an Fc domain; X¹ and X² are each independently selected from -(L¹)_(c)-P¹, -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P², -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P²-(L³)_(e)-P³, and -(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²⁾ _(d)-P²-(L³)_(e)-P³-(L⁴)_(f)-P⁴ P¹, P², P³, and P⁴ are each independently randomized GCSF mimetic peptide sequences; L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ are each independently linkers; and a, b, c, d, e, and f are each independently 0 or 1, provided that at least one of a and b is 1 and wherein “peptide” refers to molecules 2 to 40 amino and wherein neither X¹ nor X² is a native protein.
 2. The composition of matter of claim 1 of the formulae X¹—F¹ or F¹—X².
 3. The composition of matter of claim 1 of the formula F¹-(L¹)_(c)-P¹.
 4. The composition of matter of claim 1 of the formula F¹-(L¹)_(c)-P¹-(L²)_(d)-P².
 5. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein F¹ is an IgG Fc domain.
 6. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein F¹ is an IgG1 Fc domain.
 7. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein F¹ comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 8. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein the GCSF mimetic peptide sequences are selected from SEQ ID NOS: 99 to
 104. 9. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the GCSF mimetic peptide sequences are selected from Table
 7. 